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Explanation of the role of the amygdala
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I will like to assume that Bill Johnson’s temporal lobe was severely injured, and because of that he has hard time recalling events; especially his Olympic race, which was a monumental win for the U.S.; The temporal lobes focus on memory and learning and Bill has exemplified that those areas are lacking significantly, and that’s what had lead me to believe that Bill Johnson’s temporal lobes was the injured part of his brain. In addition, in Johnson’s article, he mentioned that he doesn’t recall his accident after watching his own tape. However, he then went on and explain how he lost his memory, so that unquestionably gave me the assumption that his amygdala was damaged and that part of the brain is located in the temporal lobes, which seem
Henry (Harrison Ford) suffered injuries to his brain after being shot in the head when he went to go buy cigarettes from a local shop. When he was shot, the bullet went into his right frontal lobe; the part of the brain that is responsible for decision making and language. Henry was also shot in his subclavian artery, which brought him into cardiac arrest and eventually anoxia. Due to the bullet to the head, Henry’s loss of memory has affected his social behavior by causing him to act less educated than he used to as well as by making him feel uncomfortable around people that he knew before the accident. His work life and family life were changed due to him not being able to remember his own family, co-workers, or what to do at his own job.
In the Brainology article, professor Carol Dweck put forward two mindsets: fixed mindset and growth mindset. That is an educational project that was instituted by Carol Dweck and made her famous for. That is talking about transforming student’s motivation to learn found out that people have fixed mindset or growth mindset all have profound effects on their motivation, learning and school achievement. From this article, this is particularly designed to help students break all boundaries and limits set by negative learning perspectives, while also instilling self-confidence is fixed, that each person has a certain amount and we call this a fixed mindset. A fixed mindset makes challenges threatening for students, and it makes mistakes and failures
The human brain is a complex and interesting organ that we still do not know everything about. In the essay “Attention Deficit: the Brain Syndrome of Our Era,” the author Richard Restak talks about how our brains have changed in the way we see and respond to everything around us because of technology. Our brains have had to adapt to the different changes and the speed at which technology has advanced. Yet many argue these changes have not been for the better while others say that these changes will only benefit us. The change in the way the brain functions that he discusses, I think, are for the better of a person because advancements in technology is the way of the future and all of these changes will be for the better in the future.
The relationship between brain and mind was studied by Broca in 1861 when he looked at patients with left hemisphere damage. However, Freud felt that by mapping functions to the different areas of the brain was too simple and there must be “equally complex physiological basis” (Sacks, 2011, P.3) Brain defects should be seen as problems caused by either replacing, restoring or compensating rather than a loss of brain function. Many people believe that damage to the brain can remove “abstract and categorical attitude” and removing the individual from emotions is wrong. A clear example of this is in “The Man Who Mistook His Wife for A Hat” where he in fact does the opposite.
Think about it, an average teen in this world has just been diagnosed with a type of incurable dementia which will forever change his or her life. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the less common forms of dementia. It is when the nerve cells in the frontal lobe die and over time the brain tissue shrinks. Frontotemporal dementia is mostly found in people who are in their teens or twenties. It can affect young people in a very negative way. They start to get aggressive and as the disease gets worse they lose friends and have a difficult time in school and understanding things. Frontotemporal dementia is a rare disease that is on the rise and affects the people of the younger generation.
Therefore, they summarize that the reason why Clive suffers in the Amnesia is caused by the hippocampus is not affected. The Hippocampus is a structure that is located inside the temporal lobe, and that is a part of the limbic system. The function of the Hippocampus is similar to a post office used for encoding, storage and recalling memories, all presenting information would first remain, analysed and encoded in the Hippocampus then transmit them to different areas of the brain. In other words, Clive is unable to encode memory and hold information which is currently aware, and it is difficult to form new long-term memory such as explicit and semantic memory. Clive Wearing, now 78 years old, still cannot recover from the anterograde amnesia, he becomes a man who has the shortest memory in the world.
...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007).
There has been a debate on whether concussions and head injuries can affect the cognitive functions such as memory. Concussions are fairly common in many sports, in the United States 300,000 sports related concussions are reported each year (Convassin, Stearne and Elbin’s, 2008). Some of the key factors, which influence concussion and cognitive functioning, are age, sex, previous concussions and high intensity activity. There are a few different studies that argue about concussion and how it can affect cognitive function such as memory. Iverson (2004) et al reported that high school athletes with a history of three or more concussions presented more symptoms and poorer memory performance on neurocognitive testing at baseline than athletes with no history of concussion (Iverson et al, 2006). In Moser’s study he found the opposite that high school athletes with a history of two or more concussions demonstrated similar cognitive performance as high school athletes who had sustained a concussion in the past week (Convassin, Stearne and Elbin’s, 2008).
Based upon previous knowledge of brain function, what results from the testing were consistent with a brain injury?
... Shimamura, A. (1995). Susceptibility to memory interference effects following frontal lobe damage: findings from tests of paired- associate learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 144-152.
Mike Webster was a football player who played in the National Football League for 16 years with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Kansas City Chiefs.When he died at age 50, Steelers’ management said it was due to a heart attack. However, he was the first former NFL player to be diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which is a disease that presents similar to Alzheimer’s, but can only be diagnosed after autopsy. After he passed away, an autopsy was performed and he was found to have CTE. This is where “Concussion” starts.
The question then becomes whether declarative and non-declarative memory are in fact separate or different manifestations of the same neural process. From research on H.M., we find evidence for the existence of a declarative memory system that is independent of non-declarative memory and other forms of intelligence. H.M. had the capacity to hold information in his head for a period of time, suggesting that his working memory was intact (Squire and Wixted, 2011). Further evidence that not all memory is the same is the fact that H.M. acquired a motor skill despite not being able to remember actually learning the skill, thus showing the difference between episodic and semantic memory. Amnesiacs are able to acquire the perceptual skill of reading mirror-reversed words at a normal rate compared to controls (Cohen and Squire, 1980), demonstrating that the ability to learn new perceptual skills also remains intact. Of the forms of non-declarative memory, procedural memory involves the cerebellum, motor cortex, and basal ganglia (General Intro the Neurobiology…). Thus, non-declarative memory can, in a way, be seen as a more primitive form of memory that is not acquired through the integration and consolidation of neural events in the medial temporal lobe, but rather through learned associations outside of the
These effects may fade, but will surface over time. Short-term implications are defined as lasting three weeks or less. One of the most prevalent of these effects is amnesia. Amnesia is defined as a deficit in memory. In a study conducted by M.R. Lovell and V. Fazio, titled “Concussion Management in the Child and Adolescent Athlete,” analysis of patients suffering from amnesia indicated higher symptom scores and decreased neurocognitive data. Evidence supports the conclusion that amnesia can be more severe in adolescents. The same study addresses the peculiarity of the claimed symptom of ”fogginess” related to neurocognitive functioning. “Fogged” patients tested for higher symptom scores compared to those not feeling “fogginess.” These athletes also scored significantly lower on measures of memory functioning, processing speed, and reaction time. Previous studies have said that collegiate athletes recover from concussions in 1-2 weeks, recent research says that younger athletes take considerably longer to recover. In an investigation of high school football players, 25% of athletes took four weeks to fulfill recovery requirements. Varying rates of recovery is very common in adolescents and children and research ahs indicted a number of factors that potentially affect a child’s recover rate. Clinical experience shows that middle school
In recent years, concussions have taken over the spotlight for sport injuries. It wasn’t long ago that doctors ignored these head injuries and let the players go right back onto the field. Joe DeLamielleure an offensive lineman for the Buffalo bill and Cleveland Browns explained when he played football in the 1970’s he received thousands of blows to the head and believes he has had at least 100 concussions (ESPN). Because the brain is very complex every brain injury is different. Some concussions cause people to lose conciseness while
Paramedics are frequently presented with neurological emergencies in the pre-hospital environment. Neurological emergencies include conditions such as, strokes, head or spinal injuries. To ensure the effective management of neurological emergencies an appropriate and timely neurological assessment is essential. Several factors are associated with the effectiveness and appropriateness of neurological assessments within the pre-hospital setting. Some examples include, variable clinical presentations, difficulty undertaking investigations, and the requirement for rapid management and transportation decisions (Lima & Maranhão-Filho, 2012; Middleton et al., 2012; Minardi & Crocco, 2009; Stocchetti et al., 2004; Yanagawa & Miyawaki, 2012). Through a review of current literature, the applicability and transferability of a neurological assessment within the pre-hospital clinical environment is critiqued. Blumenfeld (2010) describes the neurological assessment as an important analytical tool that evaluates the functionality of an individual’s nervous system. Blumenfeld (2010) dissected and evaluated the neurological assessment into six functional components, mental status, cranial nerves, motor exam, reflexes, co-ordination and gait, and a sensory examination.