Agamemnon
Agamemnon is the first play of Aeschylus’ trilogy, the Oresteia. Aeschylus was the first of Athens’ three great tragedians; the others: Sophocles; Euripides. The Oresteia was also the first Greek tragedy trilogy written. As Greeks of this epoch focused on humanist ideas, so did Aeschylus. He devoted his genius to serious contemplations of humanistic questions, such as the nature of justice. Other humanistic values are honor, truth, compassion, loyalty, devotion to family and gods. He credits much of his success to Homer’s epics. It is helpful to have read both the Iliad and the Odyssey to understand the Oresteia. I will relate some background information from Homer’s epics as I recount a summary of Aeschylus’ Agamemnon.
In order to appreciate and understand this play it is essential to know some background information of the characters. A brief summary of the Iliad’s Trojan War is as follows: At the time of the war, King Priam ruled Troy. He was married to Hecuba, who according to legend bore him forty-nine children, including the prophetess Cassandra, and the handsome Paris. Hecuba had a dream that Paris would be the cause of Troy’s destruction when she was pregnant with Paris. Upon confirmation of the oracle that her son would cause the destruction of Troy, she agreed to abandon the newborn Paris on Mount Ida, exposing him to death. Nevertheless, Paris was saved and raised by shepherds.
Just before the beginning of the Trojan War, Zeus arranged to have Thetis, a goddess, marry Peleus, a mortal. All the gods and goddesses were invited except for Eris, the goddess of discord. At the wedding while all the gods and goddesses were enjoying themselves, Eris threw a golden apple into their midst wit...
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...laced a curse on her: although she would remain a prophetess, no one would ever believe her. Cassandra also envisions her own murder. She then goes into the palace after having asked the gods to give her a painless death.
Clymenestra kills Agamemnon and Cassandra, avenging the death of her daughter. The old men of Argos chastise her for killing the king. The chorus blames Helen, Clymenestra’s twin sister, for starting this war. Lamentation for Agamemnon continues regardless of Clymenestra’s claim that his death was justice, for it was her obligation to avenge Iphigenia’s death. Aegisthus, her accomplice, justifies their plot as rightful vengeance for Atreus’ (Agamemnon’s father) wrongs against Thyestes, Aegisthus’ father. The play ends as the chorus condemns Aegisthus and clings to the hope that Orestes will return to Sparta to avenge his father’s murder.
The Odyssey by Homer is an epic about a man’s return home after fighting in war. The protagonist of the epic is Odysseus, but interactions with and stories of his fellow veterans abound. The story of Agamemnon’s death upon returning home is retold and referred to numerous times and serves as a warning to Odysseus of the dangers that could exist for him in Ithaka. The ghost of Agamemnon is encountered by Odysseus in the land of the dead and is quite changed from the friend he knew and fought with at Troy. Despite his high place in life and exploits in war, Agamemnon demonstrates the suffering of the returning veteran.
The difference in Agamemnon’s and Odysseus’s approach of their homeland is a reason for their differing fates. Agamemnon, the king of Argos, returns from Troy after a safe journey. Once he lands on the shores of his native earth, his false sense of security renders him unsuspecting of the possible danger that lurks in his own home. His naiveté leads him to approach his home directly to show his people that he has returned. Since his subjects were no longer loyal to him, his exposure leads to his demise. Their disloyalty is revealed when Aegisthus, the man who plots to kill Agamemnon, gathers the town’s best soldiers to ambush the king. Agamemnon meets Aegisthus, who organized a banquet where the king and his company are mercilessly slaughtered. Because he fails to assess the danger that exists in his homeland, Agamemnon meets his end soon after his return.
In the introduction, “The Serpent and the Eagle”, written by Robert Fagles and W. B. Stanford, they write that the beginning of Agamemnon sets the tone and “rhythm” of the entire trilogy: “We begin in dark suspense: we are waiting for the light, and it no sooner dispels anxiety than a shadow falls again” (“The Serpent and the Eagle”, 24). This refers to the death of Agamemnon and the inevitable deaths of Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus at the hand of her own son, Orestes, which leads into the final play of the trilogy, and the ultimate e...
Menelaos' brother, Agamemnon, does not have a healthy family relationship. His family is held up to everyone as what a family should not be. It is ironic that the marriages of two brothers, Agamemnon and Menelaos, to two sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra, should be such exact opposite in their outcome. During his absence during the Trojan War, Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, took a lover, Aigisthos. Upon Agamemnon's return, Clytemnestra kills him and his slave-mistress, Cassandra.
Clytemnestra has the ten years of the Trojan War to plan her revenge on Agamemnon. Upon his return Clytemnestra shows him some love. That love she showed quickly changes to rage and hatred when Clytemnestra she’s Agamemnon with his mistress Cassandra.
The Agamemnon picks up with Agamemnon and Menelaus, sons to Atreus, who joined together in the war of Troy after Paris, son of Priam, seduced Helen, wife to Menelaus. Angered by his ruthless man-sacrifices in the war, Artemis required that Agamemnon take the life of his daughter Iphigeneia in order to save the army and fleet o...
The act of revenge in classical Greek plays and society is a complex issue with unavoidable consequences. In certain instances, it is a more paramount concern than familial ties. When a family member is murdered another family member is expected to seek out and administer revenge. If all parties involved are of the same blood, the revenge is eventually going to wipe out the family. Both Aeschylus, through "The Oresteia Trilogy," and Sophocles, through "Electra," attempt to show the Athenians that revenge is a just act that at times must have no limits on its reach. Orestes and his sister Electra, the children of the slain Agamemnon, struggle on how to avenge their father's death. Although unsure what course of action they must take, both brother and sister are in agreement that revenge must occur. Revenge is a crucial part of Greek plays that gives the characters a sense of honor and their actions a sense of justice.
The play is about a strong-willed woman, Antigone, defying the laws of a proud king, Creon. Antigone is torn between her devotion to the gods, her brother Polynices, and her loyalty to the king. Creon, ruler of Thebes, issued the order to leave the traitor Polynices’ body unburied.
Hector comes to Troy to shame Paris for abstaining from the war he started and find s him vainly admiring himself and polishing his weapons. His behavior lowers the level of respect the other Trojans have for him, which leads to dishonor. As they rejoin the battle, Hector makes this point clear to Paris. Although he is a strong fighter, the other Trojans exchange hurtful words about Paris for starting the war and not doing his part in the battle. Paris has already dishonored himself by breaking an oath. Now he brings more dishonors upon himself by fighting half-heartedly. It hurts Hector to see Paris in such a state of dishonor, “It breaks my heart/to hear what the Trojans say about you (IX,
One of the ways Aeschylus builds Clytaemestra’s power at the play's climax is through the involution of murder depicted as a sacrifice. The ritual sacrifice, a sphage, served as a means of purification in antiquity (Lebek 80). In Agamemnon, the symbolic act of sacrifice becomes corrupted and equated with murder. Death, as a sacrifice, is a constant theme. It has been alluded to many times before Agamemnon's demise, always in the form of ritual sacrifice, but never as murder. The most obvious example is the mention of Iphigenia's sacrifice. Therefore, by the time the audience comprehends Clytaemestra's murderous act, it has seen a precedent set for murder mistaken as sacrifice. Clytaemestra boldly presents her position to the chorus: “I struck him twice. In two great cries of agony he buckled at the knees and fell. When he was down I struck him the third blow, in thanks and reverence to Zeus the lord of dead men underneath the ground.” She continues her plea, almost relishing...
Sophocles establishes Electra as the protagonist of this play. Noble birth, yet is not treated as such, isolated in her grief. Both physically and emotionally tormented, Electra’s emotions heighten to a point of no return. Becoming increasingly irrational, maddening to the point where justice blurs with revenge. Embodying this play by Sophocles, is revenge, the central theme focusing on how it affects the perpetrator. Electra is an important example of this central theme. The only way to ease her suffering is to see Clytemnestra and Aegisthus dead. “For her, the living are agents of the dead and hardly to be separated from them” (Scodel, R. 1984. p. 80.). Electra takes it upon herself to see them put to death, with adultery, murder and hatred are moral motivations driving her. However, Electra’s moral corruption could also be rooted in hatred, jealousy and envy. Hatred towards her mother, Clytemnestra for the suffering she is forced to live. Jealousy and envois of her sister, Chrysothemis and brother, Orestes as they live in relative freedom compared to her slave like conditions. Chrysoth...
After Agamemnon’s death, Aegisthus is next in line to become king and Clytemnestra is his queen. Her desire for power is hidden by her claims of justification. She challenges anyone to take her power. “[H]e who conquers me in fair fight shall rule me” (45). She threatens the Chorus to a fight for power. She knows she has all the power now the king was dead and she is his queen. Clytemnestra is aware she killed him for his power, but her arrogance makes her put the deed on the curse of the House of Atreus and vengeance for
gently sleeping child" (Fagles 80). Athena and Hera are want to destroy Troy because Paris belittled them … "fell into the fatal error of humiliating the two goddesses... by his liking Aphrodite, who offered him the pleasures and penalties of love" (F...
Aeschylus’ well-known tragedy of Agamemnon allows one to closely look at the treasured polytheistic religious ideas of Ancient Greece and how the Grecians relied heavily on the thought of free will versus fate determined by their gods. With the play being set and written in Greece, the polytheistic lifestyle is apparent and unabashed as the culture of the time would have seen the play to be easily believable; the entire audience would have been familiar with the various gods and goddesses as well as being familiar with the situation that begins the play: the Trojan War. Aeschylus was also able to reveal the Grecian mindset of morality, revenge, and justice through the characters’ actions and dialogue; the idea of jealousy and revenge is particularly notable was it was common for one generation of a family to take revenge for a wrong done to them in a previous generation (Constantakis), such as Aegisthus as he seeks revenge for his father through the act of murdering Agamemnon. The Trojan War is now seen by some as a war that never truly took place, but those sitting and watching the play unfold would have seen the chaos and imagery of the battles told by Aeschylus as brutally truthful and real. The bloody war was fought over Helen, who was taken by Paris to his homeland of Troy to be his bride; however, she was already married to Menelaus, Agamemnon’s brother.