Dollar spot (Sclerotinia Homoecarpa) is considered the most prevalent turfgrass disease in North America, particularly on golf course greens and fairways (Charbonneau, 2010). Dollar spot produces round patches the color of straw ranging from 2-6 inches on closely mowed turf. In the early morning, when the grass is covered with dew, there might be a cob-web like growth seen on the leaves of the turf. In the early stages of the disease, leaves develop tan spots and bands which are in the shape of an hour glass in the middle of the leaf (Duble, 2006). The spots can grow to form large, irregular areas on the turf that can eventually blanket a green. The fungus survives as masses of mycelia called sclerotia or stromata on plants or in the thatch during unfavorable weather conditions (Bonos, 2011). The mycelium starts growing from the thatch onto wet leaf surfaces to cause the initial infections (Charbonneau, 2010). Plant tissue infected with dollar spot can be carried by numerous objects such as golf cars, mowers, golf shoes. The disease attacks the foliage and crown of the plant, but the rhizomes and stolons remain uninfected (Krause, 2005). Cultural control of dollar spot Cultural control of dollar spot has major success if completed properly. A couple cultural practices that promote healthy turf are: removing excess thatch, mow frequently at recommended heights, and aerate compacted soils (SLJ, 2009). Removing excess thatch can be accomplished a couple of ways such as; by using a vertical mower or by using a power rake. Aerating the turf will help with soil compaction while topdressing will help with drainage (Wong 2009). Mow the turf at recommend height without removing more than 1/3 of leaf surface area in one mowing (Pigati ... ... middle of paper ... ...t Program. Bonos, Stacy. 2011. "Gene Action of Dollar Spot Resistance in Creeping Bentgrass." Journal of Phytopathology 159.1: 12-18. Burpee, Lee, and Richard Latin. 2008. "Reassessment of Fungicide Synergism for Control of Dollar Spot." Plant Disease 92.4: 601-06. Pigati, Dernoeden, Grybauska, and Momen. 2010. "Simulated Rainfall and Mowing Impact Fungicide Performance When Targeting Dollar Spot in Creeping Bentgrass." Plant Disease 95.4: 596-603. Putman, Alexander, Geunhwa Jung, and John Kaminski. 2010. "Eographic Distribution of Fungicide-Insensitive Scierotinia Homoeocarpa Isolates from Golf Courses in the Northeastern United States." Plant Disease 94.2: 185-96. Young-Ki, Jo, Chang Seog Won, Michael Boehm, and Jung Geunhwa. 2008. "Rapid Development of Fungicide Resistance by Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa on Turfgrass." Phytopathology 98.12: 1297-304.
The objective of this experiment is to determine which of three weed kill methods will be most successful in killing the Cobblers peg weed over a five day period. Two of the weed kill methods are natural - boiling water and vinegar solution. One of the weed kill methods is a weed spray Yates ZERO.
The fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum over winters as sclerotia either in the soil or in stubble at the soil surface (Morton and Hall, 1989). If the weather (moisture and temperature) is favorable, small mushroom-like structures called apothecia will be produced on the sclerotia. Each sclerotia can several apothecia. Apothecia can produce millions of spores called ascospores. Ascospores will be released in air when the apothecia is mature. Some ascospores land on canola plants and infect dead canola tissues like fal...
Thomas R. Warne, Leslie G. Hickok and Rodney J. Scott. (1988). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Characterization and genetic analysis of antheridiogen-insensitive mutants in the fern Ceratopteris. 96 (1), 371-379.
...ut 10%. This is despite of obtaining high virus titers. Symptomless plants are regarded as carriers of PVX and are an important source of infection. Under more severe conditions, necrotic streaks and severe mosaic, crinkling and rugosity of the leaves can occur. Especially upon mixed infections with potato virus Y (PVY), the yield loss can be up to 50%.
Fungi have been significant in both past and modern biotechnological processes (Bennett, 1998). After World War I, a traditional fungal biotechnology has begun and developed into yielding of enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, citric acids, vitamins, and fungicides (Demain, 2000). This list will continue expanding as we moved in this modern century. Fungi definitely bring lots of benefits in pharmaceutical and economic industries. For instance, pharmaceuticals and personal care products may introduce to the terrestrial environment with potential impacts on beneficial soil microbe populations (Hillis et al., 2008). We will discover more economic significant of utilization of fungi in biotechnology area.
Schumann, Gail L., and Cleora J. D'Arcy. Hungry Planet: Stories of Plant Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society, 2012. Print.
Weeds are known to be a bad sign for farmers and gardeners alike. Weeds take all the nutrients from the intended crop and prevent the plant intended to grow from growing. This is a highly tedious and expensive task. For some mass produced crops such as corn, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means, so farmers will often spray large amounts of herbicides to kill weeds, which also is time-consuming and expensive. Sometime the herbicide is so strong that is ends up killing the plant as well. C...
Qiu, J. 2013. Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds. p. 1. Available from: doi: doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517.
...the total number of asci X 100. In order to calculate the map distance, it was necessary to divide the percentage of crossover asci by 2. This has to be performed because only half of the spores in each ascus are result of crossing over. Each student had to count, at least 100 spores, in order to determine if crossing over occurred in a particular perithecium. A data was collected to determine whether various environmental conditions affected the crossing over in Sordaria sp.
"Risks and Concerns" Center for Life Sciences and Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Par. 12; August 19, 2002
In plants, a large portion of disease resistance (R) genes code for leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) proteins which have amino-terminals and sites for nucleotides to bind (Falk et al. 1999). In Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant native to Europe and Asia, the functioning of these R genes is the result of having the Enhanced Gene Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) gene. Without a fully functioning EDS1 gene, the plant is more susceptible to Arabidopsis plant pathogens, such as fungal and bacterial pathogens, and autoimmune diseases (Falk et al. 1999). Therefore, it is critical that the EDS1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is present and does not have any mutations that could reduce its effectiveness in resisting pathogens (Østergaard and Yanofsky 2004).
A pathogen can be anything that causes a disease, including bacterium which causes meningitis, Viruses causing hepatitis A-C, and a fungus that cause athlete's foot. Plant pathology bacteria can serve economically damaging diseases, from spots, pustules on leaves and fruit, tuber rots to a plant's death. Some bacteria causes a hormone base distortion of leaves and shoots called fasciation. Fungi pathogens spread through plants to steal nutrients of living plants and carry out the part of the life cycle in soil. Mycorrhizae fungi make carbohydrates from plant roots, enhancing plant uptake of inorganic nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Cripps, C.L reported on mycorrhizae that “ The relationship is considered nonpathogenic, and of benefit to the plants involved.”- describing that the relationship between mycorrhizae and pathogens is nonpathogenic because mycorrhizae cancels out the disease. Over 85% of plants in nature have the mycorrhizae condition to keep pathogens away. This is why gardeners buy mycorrhizae fungi to help stop diseases of plants and for the safety of humans catching the disease through eating the plants. Food is one of the most important factors in the ecology life cycle and mycorrhizae makes it safe for these plants to take part in the
Crabgrass and goosegrass are problematic weeds in creeping bentgrass due to their ability to proliferate in the transition zone. These weeds are able to survive low mowing heights, especially among cool-season grasses (Busey, 2003; Callahan, 1986). As herbicide resistant populations of crabgrass and goosegrass increase and as cultural control methods have proved ineffective in cool-season grasses, new herbicides will be needed to ensure future control (Busey, 2003; Callahan, 1986; Hart, 2004; Mudge, 1984). A number of herbicides have been registered for crabgrass and goosegrass control in cool-season turf (King 1990, Parker et al. 1985). Fenoxaprop and fluazifop control both crabgrass and goosegrass; however past research has shown these herbicides to cause stunting and stand reduction in seedling tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.)
0-7-30 and Selinigrass + Se on the land to try and improve the quality of the soil. A river runs
...worms. When the field reaches heading, using the beat-bucket method on 100 plants is the best strategy to check sorghum for the headworm complex (Catchot et al. 2014). Controlling fall armyworms requires consistent timely scouting methods when the sorghum is in the late flowering to soft-dough stages. Treatment is only advised if plants average 75 to 100 percent infestation (Catchot et al. 2014). Timing of foliar applications is important to make when larvae have just hatched, before entering the whorl, or when the threshold is met when applying the beat-bucket method. This will ensure the cost of the insecticide application will be economically sound and benefit the producers yield at harvest. Further research may be needed in order to evaluate if current thresholds are correct. Thresholds may need to be adjusted in order to better benefit producers economically.