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English as an international language
English as an international language
English as an international language
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Language, a remarkable invention of humankind, plays a substantial role in distinguishing human from other living creatures, enabling human to call themselves ‘Homo Sapiens’. Using this signalling system, humankind is capable of dividing utterances into separate words, replacing them with another, or changing the structure of the sentence but the meanings of it remains the same (Barber, Beal and Shaw, 2009). Every language has certain binding rules, yet, recur in massive number of combinations and patterns (Millward and Hayes, 2012). Learning this systematic instrument enables articulate communication using common tongue, and helps in exchanging thought and connecting people, thus forming cohesion and co-operation between people around the …show more content…
The first representing nations of which English spread through colonisation by the British while the later is due to globalisation (Seargeant, 2012). Either serving as an administrative second language or a foreign language, English is being learnt mainly for extrinsic linguistics factors, such as the application of the language in political, military, technological, economic and cultural contexts (Crystal, 2012). However, the intrinsic influencing factors should not be overlooked. It is the simplistic of language enabling itself to contact with the native languages and, furthermore, allowing multi-linguals to habitually deploy English with other languages in a complementary way. Significant examples from both outer and expanding circles nations are Singlish (Singaporean English), Manglish (Malaysian English), Indian English, Chinglish (China English) and Wasai-eigo (Japanese-made …show more content…
In fact, the first serious attempts to establish English colonies overseas were made in the last quarter of the 16th century, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth (lack of citation). She granted royal charter to East India Company (EIC) and, meanwhile, supported explorers such as Francis Drake, Sir Water Raleigh, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Richard Greenville (lack of citation), sending British political imperialism around the world, laying the cornerstone for the hereafter global exploration and colonisation (Crystal, 2003). The handover of Hong Kong symbolizes the full retreat of the British Empire, yet, the USA succeeded Britain as the preserver of English language as a global language, by using its economic and industrial supremacy as the main driving force (Crystal,
The author, Bill Bryson, briefly introduces and describes the history of English. In this book, The Mother Tongue, Bryson uses an interesting way and scholarly manner to guide readers through the various linguistic and social movements in the English language, the center of the world language as well as the export of manufactured goods. He gives different kinds of instances by comparing with various languages to present how the language merged together of interacting.
Languages are in many ways what sets human apart from other animals. However, it divides people among one another as well. Not merely through geography, but social status also creates innumerable variation within a single language. Variations that, in relation to content, seem subtle, but in actuality widens the gaps between people of differing class, education, region etc. Though they understand each other, different variations hold differing amounts of prestige, creating a need to weigh ones words so as to fit in with contextual company.
As a result, this cross-national concept has implications on English and has fostered two additional terminology, World Englishes and World English.World Englishes refers to the different forms of localized variations of English outside of the United States of United Kingdom and is different from the idea of World English. This is related to Kachru’s concept of the circles of English, discussed later. World Englishes is the idea that different variations of English arise through various political and social influences. These language variations vary and in many instances acquire different meanings and lexicon. World English is the concept of English as a Lingua franca and used for global activities, such as business, diplomacy and trade. In this instance, English is following in a long line of global Lingua
The high development of languages around the world is arguably humanity’s most remarkable feat. Without it, we would be not much better off than monkeys or gorillas. Whether seeking to persuade, to inform, to express emotions, to question, to transmit ideas, or even to deliver masterpieces in verse or prosaic, people use language in order to communicate effectively in ways that are simply too arduous to quantify. Language, furthermore, is also not limited to just writing or word of mouth, for it also is used in other fashions, such as codes. Smoke signals, body language, computer programs, as well as Morse and flag are just some examples. Since a person’s language, is essentially inherited, based on their birthplace, due to society’s standards, it is, at times, taken for
Being able to “understand and define ourselves through participation in dialogue with others in a linguistic Community” is what makes us characteristically humans (14). Humans are meant to be born into a world of language, which carries the meanings of the complexity of terms used. Through language, humans operate within a culture that helps create self-interpretations and understanding of each other as human beings. Language among humans is so diverse that anyone can communicate in a variety of ways. There is no area of experience that is regarded as incommunicable, though it may be necessary to adapt one’s language in order to cope with new models of thought within a
In your company, a position that pays a higher salary and has more regular work hours opens up so you decide to apply for the job. Your supervisor tells you that you cannot be considered for the position because although you are fully fluent in English, you have a Vietnamese accent. Instead, another employee who speaks with a British accent is interviewed for the position. In Myriam Marquez’s article “Why and When We Speak Spanish in Public” and Amy Tan’s article “Mother Tongue” we get a taste of what it feels like to be linguistically impaired and discriminated against. Through exploring Tan’s and Marquez’s articles, one can see the importance of learning a certain amount of English so one can get far in life and not be taken advantage of,
Schneider, Edgar W. English Around The World: An Introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.
The Concentric Circles Model proposed by Kachru is a method encapsulating the “types of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures” (Kachru, 1992: 356). On the basis of these three characteristics, the scholar divided countries into three groups: The Inner, The Outer and The Expanding Circles. The Inner Circle refers to countries traditionally regarded as the bases of English, that is, nations where English is the mother tongue of a substantial part of the popula...
In 1985, Braj Kachru put forward the famous “Three Concentric Circles” framework to explain the spread and usage of global English. The inner circle includes the country where people speak English as native language. Then, the outer circle refers to the society which English is treated as a second language while the extending circle indicates the nation which English has the status of foreign language. (Bolton, 2000, p.266) Due to the colonization, English has maintained and gained official status in Hong Kong. Based on the theory, Hong Kong should be categorized into the outer circle. However, English is mainly adopted in international communication rather than in personal domains. (Groves, 2009, p.57) In this view, Hong Kong also has the trait of extending circle. Furthermore, Hong Kong has gone through a transition from British colony to a Special Administrative Region of China. The dramatic change of social politics called for a great change of linguistic situation.
Throughout the course of humanity, humans have used language to communicate with one another. It is an important way to communicate and socialize with others. With language, there are at times, discrepancy between the communicator and communicate.
Among the many changes the world we live in is undergoing is the way we communicate with each other, either as individuals or on a more major scale. Nowadays, we can send a quick text message or email to one another, we can talk to someone in a different country, on a different continent using the internet, and there are now so many resources available to us to learn new languages unlike anything we’ve ever had before. One might think that because of this, humans are becoming closer as a species, but that isn’t necessarily true. Despite this major improvement in communication, there are still many shortcomings in the way we relate to one another. Here, I am going to show how communication works and the improvements to it that have been aforementioned, where they fall short, but also how I believe that the improvements in communication can catch up to the
The British Empire was established in the early 1600s and its expansion activity within its Isle and other geographical regions in the quest of expanding the empire began, which led to a tremendous spread of the English language. The first colony of the British Empire to control was in North America, and the first base was launched in Virginia. The British fought the French, who had taken root in North America and won a seven-year war which enabled them to take control of the North American territories .They established new political systems and eroded those by French and disrupted the social life in that geographical region by the introduction of the slave trade. Although most North American countries attained their independence from the British Empire, they had expanded their sphere of influence to Caribbean and some South American territories. The second geographical region the British had colonized was Australia more than a century later after she had lost her American colonies. Australia was homeland for cockney English speakers. Just like in America; they neglected the Aboriginals, introduced the slave trade and pushed them away from the particular geographical regions they wanted to settle. The pattern of British colonization continued to West and South African regions. This happened after 1880 when the leadership pattern
The British Empire was somewhat late to the game in the world of colonization. The Spanish had already colonized much of South America and the Caribbean and the Dutch were right on their heels. The English had done very well in the previous two centuries and were facing a time of economic stalemate. They had become an overcrowded population and soon, if they were not careful, there wouldn't be enough work and resources to go around for everyone. So, like any good empire does, they set out to find lands that could become colonies and allow their people a place to go, become productive for the crown, and spread the language and culture of Eng...
English spreads widely in each countries, no matter the area of region or information transfer, English becomes an important position in global language. As the specification of a global language, it essentially refers to a language that learned and spoken internationally, so English can be the most out-standing. According to the number of English-speaking calculations, English is the official language used by most countries, English is the most widely used second language in the world, and the percentage of web pages with English content is estimated to be over 50% (Crystal, 2003). Meanwhile, the history and usefulness cause English to be a global language, and they mainly influence to spread English faster in China and to bring convenience
The spread of English where it used as a foreign and/or a second language may be compromised if it is replaced by another language such as Chinese or Spanish. For example, if China continues to gradually dominate the world economically, politically and technologically, its language could replace English as the major foreign language taught and learnt in various countries’ education systems because they b...