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Thesis on superconductivity
Essay on superconductivity
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Superconductivity: The Next Revolution? The discovery of high temperature superconductors in 1987 led to a revolution in the field of science and technology. The discovery of superconductors, their impact on advancement in the field of physics and their usefulness in today’s industry is the main theme of Professor Vidali’s book “Superconductivity: the next revolution? The author has thoroughly described the concept of superconductivity, the discovery of conventional superconductivity, the explanation of its overall technical aspects, its usefulness for the present industry and the future impact of developments made in this field. Interestingly, the book is written in a very simple and easy to understand format and can be read by a general user who has some interest in scientific developments. The year 1987 is marked by the revolutionary discovery of these amazingly high performing superconductors, which eventually grabbed the attention of scientists. These newly discovered superconductors were capable of superconducting at temperatures four times higher than the superconductors which were discovered up to that time. The result of this development resulted in the form of the development of all of the possible forms of superconductivity applications ranging from magnetically levitated trains to resistance free less power cables. Despite of the fact that the actual concept of superconductivity is not very well known among the general public, superconductivity is commonly used word. This popularity of the term superconductivity is primarily because of the intense publicity of its discovery and deep media coverage. In order to clarify the concept of superconductivity among the general public and to introduce the general reader with th...
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...s the MRI) is playing a vital part in medical sciences. The powerful magnetic fields, which are a necessary component for the development of these instruments, are an ideal function of superconductors. In the same way, the particle accelerators that are used in research and development activities of high-energy physics studies are heavily reliant on high-field superconducting magnets. Finally, high temperature superconductors are the most modern developments from scientific research institutions. There is a considerable long history of superconductivity as a specialized field of physics. The swift development in the field of superconductivity leads us to the conclusion that applications of superconductors will soon be developed to a considerable level. References Gianfranco Vidali: Superconductivity: The Next Revolution? Cambridge University Press, 1993
With a little stretching, the average physics student should be able to comprehend the principles of magnetic levitation and propulsion through synchronous linear motors. To facilitate the process of understanding this complex material, we suggest that the student go through this web site in order. Make sure you understand the basic physics before moving on to the page which applies these principles to magnetically levitated vehicles.
Throughout the past century, investigations of quantum and particle physics phenomena have proven to show the most significant concepts and ideas in the physical and sub-atomic world. However, the discoveries yet to be made are endless. One of the most fascinating concepts in the sub-atomic universe is the idea of spintronics. Spintronics is the quantum study of the independent angular momentum (not to be confused with the orbital angular momentum of the electron) of a particle, typically that of an electron (Introduction). An electron is a fundamental particle, with a negative charge, and is independently studied in the process of spintronic devices. The spin angular momentum of electrons is ±½ћ. Devices that use the properties
One of the important factors in this field is the MRI machine. MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The MRI machine is a large, strong magnet. The magnetic fields line up
In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell revolutionized physics by publishing A Treatise On Electricity And Magnetism (James C. Maxwell, Bio.com), in which his equations described, for the first time, the unified force of electromagnetism (Stewart, Maxwell’s Equations), and how the force would influence objects in the area around it (Dine, Quantum Field Theory). Along with other laws such as Newton’s Law Of Gravitation, it formed the area of physics called classical field theory (Classical Field Theory, Wikipedia). However, over the next century, quantum mechanics were developed, leading to the realization that classical field theory, though thoroughly accurate on a macroscopic scale, simply would not work at a quantum, or subatomic scale, due to the extremely different behaviour of elementary particles. Scientists began developing a new ideas that would describe the behaviour of subatomic particles when subjected to the fundamental forces (QFT, Columbia Electronic Dictionary)(QFT, Britannica School). Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is always constant and as a result, both space and time are, in contrary, relative, was combined into this new theory, allowing for accurate descriptions of elementary
In Greek mythology, Zeus is the Father of Gods and men. He rules Mount Olympus with his remarkable control over lightning. I sought out to harness the same power possessed by Zeus by following in the footsteps of Nikola Tesla, arguably the most influential and underrated scientist and engineer in modern history. One of the inventions he created was a resonate transformer that converts low-frequency energy to high-frequency energy in hopes of one day having wireless energy for all. This sparked my interest in building a Tesla Coil.
One of the most recently new advances in radiology is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has been around for the past century. It was at first called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and then it changed to MRI once there was an available image. Walter Gerlach and Otto Stern were the first scientists to start experimenting with the magnetic imaging. Their very first experiment was looking at the magnetic moments of silver by using some type of x-ray beam. The scientists then discovered this was by realizing that the magnetic force in the equipment and in the object itself. In 1975, the first image was finally created using and MRI machine. The scientists used a Fourier Transformation machine to reconstruct images into 2D. The first images ever use diagnostically was in 1980. This is when hospitals began to use them. At first the images took hours to develop and were only used on the patients that needed it most. Even though MRI has been around for a long time, it has advanced and has been one of the best imaging modalities recently (Geva, 2006).
The MRI works by using hydrogen atoms’ magnetic properties within the human body to produce high quality images. These protons of the hydrogen atoms can be look upon as bar magnets, in normal situations, they will flow inside...
The Tesla coil is an electrical circuit made of the resonant transformer and developed by the famous inventor Nikola Tesla around 1891 as a power supply for his "System of Electric Lighting". The project mentioned above was designed to produce a current that alternates with high frequency, low-current and high voltage. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.
The largest and most powerful particle collider in the world, based in CERN on the border of France and Switzerland, it is a huge undertaking. It is built to assists the scientists in discovering what the Earth is made of; it also plays a crucial part in resolving many theories by scientists. It is a 27 kilometer ring with super magnets that help the particles speed along the way. Some people also argue that it’s a machine that could possibly be dangerous, because it has the capability of creating small BLACK HOLES! “One way or another, it's the world's largest machine and it will examine the universe's tiniest particles. It's the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).”
Steel: (for all intents and purposes) was invented in 1855 by Henry Bessemer(Mary Bellis). Science the amazing innovation that has changed the world incredible things have been made from the material from bridged cables and cross beams to arresting wires on aircraft carriers that stop monumental force and speed. It is truly an amazing martial, but eventually it snaps, breaks or tears due to the separation of the molecules. Also steel is not the most flexible material there is which may sound good for what it is used for, construction. You wouldn’t want the floor to shift from under but, what about in areas that have a consent threat of earthquakes having a material that is rigid when needed and flexible when needed would be an invaluable asset to construction companies in many countries. Also at $600-$900 per ton(Platts Mcgraw hill financial) it isn’t the most inexpensive material that could be chosen. Chemically is there a better material that could be used in the place of steel that is stronger more flexible and can be produced for a cheaper price than the normal steel that we use today? First, the choice of spider silk seems like a great choice. Mother nature seems to be the greatest designer of all made of different sections of proteins of extremely ridged and at the same time extremely elastic strings of proteins, that when braided together are 5 times stronger than steel and relatively free to produce as long as the spiders are kept healthy. What makes the proteins so strong? They are linked together almost like thousands of Lego’s linked together which by its self does not sound very strong, but just take 3 and pull length wise and try to pull them apart, it's almost impossible. The same concept is used in the spider's silk...
The development of superconductors has been a working progress for many years and some superconductors are already in use, but there is always room for improvement. In 1911, Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first discovered superconductivity when he cooled mercury to 4 degrees K (-452.47º F / -269.15º C). At this temperature, mercury’s resistance to electricity seemed to disappear. Hence, it was necessary for Onnes to come within 4 degrees of the coldest temperature that is theoretically attainable to witness the phenomenon of superconductivity. Later, in 1933 Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that a superconducting material will repel a magnetic field. A magnet moving by a conductor induces currents in the conductor, which is the principle upon which the electric generator operates. However, in a superconductor the induced currents exactly mirror the field that would have otherwise penetrated the superconducting material - causing the magnet to be repulsed- known today as the “Meissner effect.” The Meissner effect is so strong that a magnet can actually be levitated over a superconductive material, which increases the use of superconductors. After many other superconducting elements, compounds, and theories related to superconductivity were developed or discovered a great breakthrough was made. In 1986, Alex Muller and Georg Bednorz invented a ceramic substance which superconducted at the highest temperature then known: 30 K (-243.15º C). This discovery was remarkable because ceramics are normally insulators – they do not conduct electricity well. Since their discovery the highest temperature for superconductivity to occur is 138 K (-130.15º C).
Electric currents produce magnetic fields, they can be as small as macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents in atomic orbits caused by electrons. The magnetic field B is described in terms of force on a moving charge in the Lorentz force law. The relationship of magnetic field and charges leads to many practical applications. Magnetic field sources are dipolar in nature, with a north and south magnetic pole. The magnetic field SI unit is the Tesla, it can be seen in the magnetic part of the Lorentz force law F magnetic = qvB composed of (Newton x second)/(Coulomb x meter). The smaller magnetic field unit is the
Do you want to know a secret? First, consider this: When a magician performs a magic trick, many ask, “How did he do that?” Well…the true magician never tells because it is a secret. But when speaking about magnetism and its use in our everyday lives, you can learn the SECRET—the secret of magnetism! A true scientist would be glad to share his secrets through experimentation. Thus, I will share the secret with you. It begins with science—physics, to be exact: matter and energy, conduction and induction, magnetizing and demagnetizing. All will be explained in my science project. More importantly, to discover through experimentation that the secret behind magnetism could be its power! Let’s start by defining an electromagnet.
The year 2012 was not only memorable to physicists for its breakthroughs, which include the galaxy motion cluster, neutrino-based communication or the method to see through opaque materials. But it is memorable because 2012 was the year that the physicists working in the Large Hadron Collider announced the detection of the Higgs boson particle.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of wire length and temperature of wire on electrical conductivity and resistivity.