Steel: (for all intents and purposes) was invented in 1855 by Henry Bessemer(Mary Bellis). Science the amazing innovation that has changed the world incredible things have been made from the material from bridged cables and cross beams to arresting wires on aircraft carriers that stop monumental force and speed. It is truly an amazing martial, but eventually it snaps, breaks or tears due to the separation of the molecules. Also steel is not the most flexible material there is which may sound good for what it is used for, construction. You wouldn’t want the floor to shift from under but, what about in areas that have a consent threat of earthquakes having a material that is rigid when needed and flexible when needed would be an invaluable asset to construction companies in many countries. Also at $600-$900 per ton(Platts Mcgraw hill financial) it isn’t the most inexpensive material that could be chosen. Chemically is there a better material that could be used in the place of steel that is stronger more flexible and can be produced for a cheaper price than the normal steel that we use today? First, the choice of spider silk seems like a great choice. Mother nature seems to be the greatest designer of all made of different sections of proteins of extremely ridged and at the same time extremely elastic strings of proteins, that when braided together are 5 times stronger than steel and relatively free to produce as long as the spiders are kept healthy. What makes the proteins so strong? They are linked together almost like thousands of Lego’s linked together which by its self does not sound very strong, but just take 3 and pull length wise and try to pull them apart, it's almost impossible. The same concept is used in the spider's silk...
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“the story of Graphene”. graphene.manchester. 2012 The University of Manchester. Web 5 December 2013
James Palmer. Epitaxial Graphene Lab. Copyright © 2011. web. 5 December2013.
Eliza Strickland “9 Ways Carbon Nanotubes Just Might Rock the World”discovermagazine
Thursday, August 06, 2009 . web. 5 December 2013.
American Chemical Society. "Carbon nanotubes twice as strong as once thought." ScienceDaily, 16 Sep. 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.
“introduction to nanotechnology”nanogloss, June 17th, 2009. web. 5 December. 2013.
Garrison Bespoke “First Fashion-Forward Bulletproof Suit Using US Military Grade Bulletproof Technology Launches Tomorrow by Canada's Garrison Bespoke” prnewswire.com Copyright © 2013.
web. 5 December 2013.
Lynn Yarris “New Glass Tops Steel in Strength and Toughness” newscenter. January 10, 2011. web.5 december 2013.
We use metals to construct all kinds of structures, from bridges to skyscrapers to elevators. The strength as well as durability of materials that are crafted out of metal make the materials ideal not only for construction but also for many other applications.
Smithsonian. This 1,600 Year Old Goblet Show the Romans Were Nanotechnology Pioneers. n.d. Web. 2 May 2014.
Alam, Ferdus. "An Overview on Bulletproof Jacket." Textile Learner. Ed. Mazharul I. Kiron. Textile Learner. Web. 07 May 2014.
Due to the varied properties and the scope of application which the CNTs possess, it is of paramount importance that CNTs are produced sufficiently at a competitive cost with the existing technology. The research over two decades, since the discovery of CNTs at Iijima’s Laboratory in 1991, has not helped in reduction of cost or production of CNTs of well-defined properties on a massive scale (Kumar, n.d.). This is mainly because of the complexity in the growth mechanism of CNTs. Extra ordinary properties and applications cannot be unleashed without the fundamental understanding of the growth mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes (Kumar, n.d.). There are several methods to produce Carbon Nanotubes in a laboratory setup. Some of widely used techniques include
Keefe, John Webster. Libbey Glass: A Tradition of 150 Years: 1918-1968. Toledo, Ohio: Toledo Museum of Art, 1968.
Besides this spider-web also represent the fragilely and delicate of
It is five times stronger, yet the same weight as steel. Kevlar Aramid fiber is an improved material, which is an extremely lightweight, man-made organic fiber. Kevlar fiber has a combination of properties, which have made Kevlar a very useful material. These include, high strength, low weight, high chemical resistance and high cut resistance. This material does not corrode or rust and is also unaffected when placed in or under water.
Arwas, V., Newell, S., Museum, S. & Gallery, A., 1996. The art of glass. 8th ed. Paris: Andreas Papadakis Publisher.
Bulletproof clothing is the most interesting thing I have ever seen in my life. There is not really a problem of bulletproof clothing besides it is very expensive to make it. It is very expensive just because of the materials. The materials are spider-silk, vectran and Kevlar. The history of bulletproof has been worn for thousands of years. Even the medieval Europe worn body armor. By the 1500’s, they changed the development of cannons and guns. Bulletproof in the encyclopedia means the protection of bullets, knives and puncture wounds. They have made antiballistic protective clothing. The material of it is single layer or multilayer package. The bulletproof clothing basically looks like a very strong net.
the discovery of carbon nanotubes, the strongest material known to man, a possible solution has been found.
Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call "poor" metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2ºC and boils at 2500ºC. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some ...
By adding up to 2%,of carbon it makes the steel tough and strong. Although it’s tough and strong, it is able to bend. To make sure that the metal doesn’t rust, it has a zinc coating on it. Iron is 26 on the periodic table,and considered an “transition metal,” meaning that it is ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. ... “Some other elements that are similar to iron are cobalt and nickel. They are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.” Zinc is 30 on the periodic table and it is also a transition metal like iron. “The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites.” A meteorite is a meteor that survives its passage through the earth's atmosphere such that part of it strikes the ground. More than 90 percent of meteorites are of rock, while the remainder consist wholly or partly of iron and nickel. Meteors are believed to have been from the asteroid belt of Mars and
Matus M. (9, April 2012). Super-Durable Material Made from Wood Waste is Stronger, Cheaper, and Lighter Than Kevlar. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/super-durable-material-made-from-wood-waste-is-stronger-cheaper-and-lighter-than-kevlar/
However, most metals in their natural states are less than the desired choice for the jobs they are required to do. For example, iron, although it is an incredibly strong metal in its natural form, it is delicate and rusts quite quickly in damp air. So to enhance the properties of the metal they are combined with other substances to create an alloy, which are often used instead of pure metals to generate a more durable product.