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History of microbiology quizlet
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Revolutions happen because of the need to change the present. As a result, the transformation could favor one team or help a group of people in the positive cases. The revolution in medicine, especially the germ theory of disease was a huge wake up call for most people. Germ theory was quite possibly the most important part of the revolution of medicine. It informed the people of the existence of germs and the importance of hygiene. There were many revolutions in history. Most were bloody, but the outcome of this revolution was eternal and the stepping-stone of medicine and surgery. Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister contributed to the ever-changing germ theory that started many profound discoveries and understandings. It takes more than one remarkable mind to come up with the germ theory that gives us an enhanced knowledge of germs and diseases.
With modern advancements in medicine, it is hard to believe that centuries ago people thought they got sick because of evil spirits, a punishment from the gods or a god depending upon religion, or ghosts. Those who had the authority to heal people channeled the souls and healed people spiritually . Cultures around the world believed so deeply in spirits. In China, the sick wore the prescription as an amulet because the medicine was a deadly poison that they were unable to ingest. During the middle ages, Christians thought that diseases were a punishment from God or a test of faith. According to ancient medical books, diseases and other disorders are a devil-sickness caused by evil elves or demons. People used to be so naïve and oblivious to the truth that surrounded them, but it took real scientific effort to discover the truth.
The hunt for the answer to germs an...
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...ostulates.htm>.
The University of Maryland provided the postulates, which are a part of a lecture for their college classes.
Trueman, Chris. Louis Pasteur. 2012. 29 January 2012 .
The history learning site provided the information of how Pasteur searched for and experiment with vaccines.
Wellcome Library. Science Museum, London. 2012. 17 January 2012 .
This site is provided by the Science museum in London. It introduces the germ theory and those involved.
White, Andrew Dickson. University of Michigan, Center for the Study of Complex Systems. 1898. 16 January 2012 .
The University of Michigan supplied the beliefs of diseases and germs before the Germ Theory.
5. Collected Papers, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, (edd.) (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1960). Volume and page number, respectively, noted in the text.
3.Stevenson, J. (2004, Sept.). Impact of Infectious Diseases on Development of Human Societies. MBI. July 18, 2005:
Unknown author, but a Princeton.edu website (Unknown Year), F. Scott Fitzgerald Papers, Retrieved December 5, 2013 from http://www.princeton.edu/~rbsc/research/tutorial/lib-fitzaid.html
The scientific revolution was what introduced the way we think based on experimentation, observation and how we apply reasoning to the things we do scientifically. During the scientific revooution this way of thinking brought forward new kinds of thinkers otherwise know as enlgihtentment thinkers. These enlightenment thinkers brought there ideas forward, which helped lead the strive for there independence . this is what led to the beginning of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution began around the mid 1700s and went all the way through the mid 1800s theses revolutions did not only stay in one place, this was happening globally in Europe, the americans and through out the latin American colonies. You might ask yourself what did they these revolutions have in common ? they all became infulanced by one another and was infinced by the enlightenment thinkers.
Daily life was occasionally exceedingly hard to fathom. Medicine was immensely limited, but some methods were tested in hopes of finding a secure lead to restoring health. That fact that there were no antibiotics during the middle ages is what turned the hard times into the absolute most difficult times. ...
Throughout time, mankind has persistently been seeking ways to maintain their health and to cure those that had not been so fortunate in that task. Just about everything has been experimented with as a cure for some type of illness whether physical, spiritual or mental. There has always been evidence of spiritual healing and it will continue to be an important part of any healing process, large or small. In particular, the roots of Native American Medicine men (often a woman in some cultures) may be traced back to ancient times referred to as Shaman. A special type of healer used by the Indians is referred to as a medicine man (comes from the French word medecin, meaning doctor).
Public health practice in the nineteenth century mainly focused on sanitary reforms such as clean water, efficient sewage system, garbage collection and disposal, fumigation practices and clean housing facilities. This was mainly attributed to the filth theory which was widely accepted during that time. These sanitary measures were necessary to keep the infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera and typhoid under control so as to prevent their epidemic outbreaks. However, in the early twentieth century, the advent of germ theory shifted the focus of public health from sanitary reforms to the laboratory. This changed the outlook of public health officials leading to alterations in the treatment procedures of the disease which were now concentrated mainly on the elimination of bacteria causing the disease. (Rosen, G.,1993)
Many people didn’t believe in medicine at all. The most commonly used treatment was prayer. Ordinary people relied on methods their parents and grandparents used, such as lucky charms, magic spells and herbal cures. Some of the herbal cures were quite useful.
...mptoms and known pattern of disease. Experiments by scientists, Nicolle and Le Bailly in Paris, were the earliest explanations that influenza was caused by a filter-passing virus. They proved that influenza was due to a submicroscopic infectious agent and not a bacteria. Scientific experiments, such as these, had immediate preventative applications. They were part of an effort to create a vaccine that would prevent the influenza. Vaccines were considered the best preventative treatment at the time. Several scientists tried to create effective vaccines, each with a different understanding of the virus. Dr. Rosenow invented a vaccine to target the multiple bacterial agents involved from the serum of patients. He aimed to raise the immunity against the bacteria, and not the cause of the initial symptoms (Virginia).
The history of differentiating between diseases and vaccinating them is a practice that has been used for more millennia than you can count on two fingers. In 900 BC, a Persian physician named Rhazes was the first to publish a written account attempting to distinguish between measles and smallpox (successful or not is a whole other matter). It takes about 2500 years before any more development in the field of vaccination. In 1661, Chinese Emperor Kiang wrote a letter that stated that he fully supports inoculation, which is the introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies. Then in 1676, English doctor Thomas Sydenham publishes ‘Medical observations on the history and cure of acute diseases’ which successfully distinguishes measles from smallpox while in great detail. The report also stated details about Scarlet Fever which was big at the time. In 1678, a Boston newspaper published America’s first medical work, Thomas Thatcher’ pamphlet: A Brief Rule to Guide the Common People of New England how to order themselves and theirs in the Small Pocks, or Measles. Once again, Thomas Sydenham discovers a medical breakthrough in 1684 by concluding that the common health practices, not available to the poor, were more harmful than good in mild smallpox cases. Sydenham’s discovery would be the last big medical innovatio...
Another man that made discoveries that reinforced those of Pasteur was Robert Koch. Robert Koch isolated the germ that causes tuberculosis, identified the germ responsible for Asiatic cholera, and developed sanitary measures to prevent disease. (1) In the late 1880s, genes, white blood cells, and aspirin were discovered. An Augustinian monk from Austria, Johann Gregor Mendel, experimented in the crossplanting of pea plants.
Cooper, Lawrence, Cary Murphy. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Chicago: Taylor & Francis, 1996
Hebrews believed that the illnesses were God’s punishment for committing sins (Atkinson, R.L. et al. 1996). Egyptians were the most advanced and believed the illness was affected with “mental pathology” (Atkinson, R.L. et al. 1996).
The revolution brought about many radical changes and ideas that helped to strengthen it and the scientists that helped to bring it about became significant persons in history. "The emergence of a scientific community is one of the distinguishing marks of the Scientific Revolution."2 It was this form of community that gave a foundation for open thinking and observing throughout the sixteenth century and through twenty-first century. It was the first revolution that had more of a dedication to the ongoing process of science than of a goal to achieve scientific knowledge.3
After the industrial revolution in the 18th century in Europe and America, there was the rapid industrial and economic growth in the 19th century, which in turn caused various scientific discoveries and various invention therefore making more progress in identifying illnesses and developing modes of treatment and cure, this was where modern medicine started. After the industrial revolution there were more industries, which in turn created a lot of work-related diseases and poor hygiene, also as the cities began to grow larger, more communicable diseases began to increase, cases like typhoid and cholera became epidemics. As well, due to the changes occurring, more and more people became more aware and since there was democracy there became an increase in demand for health care. There were also the wars that occurred, causing injuries which needed to be treated. Modern medicine evolves to solve the problems of the society at a given time and various advances in this mode of health care has occurred over the years. It has been seen that modern medicine is a positive influence in the society today for various reasons, the goal of the modern medicine is to achieve good health of the citizens, and modern medicine is experimental which is capable of advanced diagnosis. Likewise, modern medicine has an effect on the social and economic state of the modern society. Modern medicine is understood as the science of treating, diagnosing or even preventing illnesses using improved sophisticated technology. This mode of treatment involves a variety of methods, using diet, exercise, treatment by drugs or even surgery.