Polymerization of oil has been reviewed in different sources of literature, since it has various theoretical aspects as well as the practical applications. Ionescu and Petrović discussed the process of polymerization of oils in the work Soybean - Applications and Technology: Polymerization of Soybean Oil with Superacids. They proving that polymer-ization of oil can be carried out at the temperature of 90 °C. In the work, it is stated that soybeans have great economic importance and thus the processes of polymerization, which can be conducted with lower energetic expenses, are crucial to investigate (13).
The researchers took out a patent for the method of cationic polymerization of unsaturated biological oils (14). The reaction is stated to be provided due to the double bonds, which are initiated by the force of the superacids. The benefits of the polymerized oils are proved to have about 10-200 times more viscidity and high level of unsaturation as compared to the initial vegetable oils.
Cationic polymerization of styrenes by protonic acids and their derivatives (15) discussed the process of the cationic polymerizations from the point of view of polymeri-zation rate and molecular weight distribution. The impact of the superacids on the process is reviewed but it is stated that low concentrations of the acids were employed in the ex-periments. Protonic acids were investigated as to their role in polymerization. The mech-anism of the polymerization termination and its specification is disclosed in the article.
Principles of Polymerization (16) provide a necessary insight into the general pro-cess of the polymerization. The work discloses different variants of the practical use of polymeric structures in industry, household, and...
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...of semi-crystalline wax-like material.
Apart from the soybeans, there are also other plants that can be used for produc-tion of the dimer acids and dimer esters, such as discussed in the article Preparation of Meadowfoam Dimer Acids and Dimer Esters, and Their Use as Lubricants (22). The re-searchers state that dimer acids can be produced as a result of the clay-catalyzed reaction from the meadowfoam alternative crop. Dimer acids that can be produced from this plant, which is still used primarily for the cosmetic and medical purposes, have high level of viscosity that can be even compatible with the commercial dimer esters. It is recorded that dimer acids and dimer esters can have the properties that are comparatively equal with those of the commercial representatives. It can be concluded that production of the dimer acids of the plant origin has strong potential.
The boiling point of the product was conducted with the silicone oil. Lastly, for each chemical test, three test tubes were prepared with 2-methylcyclohexanol, the product, and 1-decene in each test tube, and a drop of the reagent were added to test tubes. The percent yield was calculated to be 74.8% with 12.6g of the product obtained. This result showed that most of 2-methylcyclohexanol was successfully dehydrated and produced the product. The loss of the product could be due to the incomplete reaction or distillation and through washing and extraction of the product. The boiling point range resulted as 112oC to 118oC. This boiling point range revealed that it is acceptable because the literature boiling point range included possible products, which are 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, and methylenecyclohexane, are 110 to 111oC, 104oC, and 102 to 103 oC. For the results of IR spectroscopy, 2-methylcyclocahnol showed peaks at 3300 cm-1 and 2930 cm-1, which indicated the presence of alcohol and alkane functional group. Then, the peak from the product showed the same peak at 2930 cm-1 but the absence of the other peak, which indicated the absence of the alcohol
Esters are defined as molecules consisting of a carbonyl group which is adjacent to an ether linkage. They are polar molecules which are less polar than alcohols but more so than ethers, due to their degree of hydrogen bonding ability. Most often derived from reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, esters are a unique, ubiquitous class of compounds with many useful applications in both natural and industrial processes 1. For example, within mammals, esters are used in triglycerides and other lipids as they are the main functional group attacking fatty acids to the glycerol chain 2. A unique property of esters is their tendency to give off distinct aromas such as the scent of apples (Ethyl caprylate) and bananas (Isoamyl acetate). This is of a unique importance especially in industries that utilize flavors and aromas such as the tobacco, candy and alcohol industry. Consistent research is conducted in order to enhance and increase the effectiveness of esters in these products 3.
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
Strength In terms of strength the effect the plasticizers have on the polymers is that the additive makes the polymer have a weak intermolecular force. As a result of this the polymers will be unstable an easier to handle. Due to this the polymer then can be remoulded and tougher and this will increase the polymers
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
The purpose of conducting this experiment was to synthesise and characterise for the preparation of benzocaine via a fishcer esterification reaction by the means of amino benzoic acid alongside ethanol. The product was also precipitated from a solution in order to gain a pH of 8.The secondary aim was to esterify the reaction in an equilibrium reaction catalysed via the addition of acid shown below:
The actual amount of crude product was determined to be 3.11 grams. The percent yield of the crude product was determined to be 67.75 %. The actual amount of pure product formed was found to be 4.38 grams. The percent yield of the pure product was determined to be 95.42%. Regarding the thin layer chromatography, the line from the solvent front is 8 centimeters.
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
The most commonly produced PVC structure by addition polymerisation is the atactic PVC. As seen in Figure #, the chlorine atoms are branched randomly and asymmetrically along the carbon backbone. Unlike the other two structures, the random orientation prevents the polymers from packing closely together and is described to be ‘amorphous’.
...nerated and replaced by fat. Recently, specific compounds in the oil have been identified, they produce regeneration that is even more amazing than that produced by the oil itself. (Gerras, 1056)
Many years ago, engineers realized that in high heat petroleum-based oils break down and lose their lubricating capabilities. Over time, petroleum–based oils also begin to oxidize and create sludge, leaving damaging residue inside the engines. This problem led Dr. Hermann Zorn (German) to develop Synthetic Oil for high-temperature use in jet aircraft engines. To overcome the breaking down problem of petroleum-based oils, synthetic oil is formulated in laboratory and doesn't contain the naturally occurring chemicals that break down at high temperatures. Furthermore, Synthetic oil is manufactured without many of the chemical compositions that contribute to oil oxidation and sludge buildup. Synthetic oil tolerate the temperatures at which petroleum-based oils would burn up. Synthetic oil is not distilled from crude oil. It is made through a chemical process known as the Fischer-Tropsch process. It goes through many chemical reactions which uses methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as the raw materials. Synthetic oil not only work best in heat but also provide various benefits in extreme cold. Petroleum-based motor oil gets thick in low temperatures as a result it requires the starter and battery to work harder ...
Before the start of the experiment, the theoretical yield was to be calculated. First, the limiting reagent was determined from the reagents by comparing the amount of moles; the two acids - phosphoric and concentrated sulfuric acid - were found to be the limiting reagent, because their moles combined was less than the amount of moles of 2-methylcyclohexanol. The theoretical yield, which is the amount of product that could be possibly produced after the completion of a reaction (“Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield”), was found to be 4.4 g. Once the product was achieved, it was determined to have a percent yield of 95%. As a result, the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol has been very successful.
The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization
All polymer host has some major advantages for which their application in electrochemical devices are still continuing. Also these polymer have some disadvantages and to improve the
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1