Before the start of the experiment, the theoretical yield was to be calculated. First, the limiting reagent was determined from the reagents by comparing the amount of moles; the two acids - phosphoric and concentrated sulfuric acid - were found to be the limiting reagent, because their moles combined was less than the amount of moles of 2-methylcyclohexanol. The theoretical yield, which is the amount of product that could be possibly produced after the completion of a reaction (“Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield”), was found to be 4.4 g. Once the product was achieved, it was determined to have a percent yield of 95%. As a result, the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol has been very successful. In the first part of the experiment, The mixture was combined with saturated sodium chloride, and the aqueous layer, containing alcohol, some acid, and water, was discarded. The organic layer was then dried with granular anhydrous sodium sulfate; this drying agent is used to absorb any water in a solution and should thus, result in a colorless solution. The final product was collected; it was mostly clear, though it has a pale yellow tint. Data Table 2 shows the results and calculations that were gathered after the completion of this experiment. No errors had occurred during the course of the experiment, which is testified by the fairly, high yield of Data Table 3 indicates the observations from these tests. Though a control test for each test wasn’t prepared, due to the starting reagents being unattainable, the results clearly show that the product is unsaturated. An unsaturated compound means that there is/are bonds in its structure. The product was also analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The spectrums obtained allowed one to determine the composition of 1-methylcyclohexene; any impurities and excess products were observed as well. From the infrared spectrum, there is a little peak around 3300-3500 cm-1; this indicated a very little presence of alcohol in the product and thus, most of the alcohol has been successfully removed. If one compared the IR spectrum of the product to the starting material, 2-methylcyclohexanol, one could clearly see the change in peak size of the O-H stretch. The infrared spectrum of 1-methylcyclohexene also depicted a C-H stretch and an alkene functional group at 500-1500 cm-1 and 2932.54cm-1, respectively. From the gas chromatography spectrum (Data Table 4), the area percentages show that there were three products - peaks 22 through 24 - that were formed from the dehydration experiment. Nevertheless, there are two predominant products, as shown from their high percentages, 3-methylcyclohexene (~24%) and 1-methylcyclohexene
The percent yield of products that was calculated for this reaction was about 81.2%, fairly less pure than the previous product but still decently pure. A carbon NMR and H NMR were produced and used to identify the inequivalent carbons and hydrogens of the product. There were 9 constitutionally inequivalent carbons and potentially 4,5, or 6 constitutionally inequivalent hydrogens. On the H NMR there are 5 peaks, but at a closer inspection of the product, it seems there is only 4 constitutionally inequivalent hydrogens because of the symmetry held by the product and of this H’s. However, expansion of the peaks around the aromatic region on the NMR show 3 peaks, which was suppose to be only 2 peaks. In between the peaks is a peak from the solvent, xylene, that was used, which may account to for this discrepancy in the NMR. Furthermore, the product may have not been fully dissolved or was contaminated, leading to distortion (a splitting) of the peaks. The 2 peaks further down the spectrum were distinguished from two H’s, HF and HE, based off of shielding affects. The HF was closer to the O, so it experienced more of an up field shift than HE. On the C NMR, there are 9 constitutionally inequivalent carbons. A CNMR Peak Position for Typical Functional Group table was consulted to assign the carbons to their corresponding peaks. The carbonyl carbon, C1, is the farthest up field, while the carbons on the benzene ring are in the 120-140 ppm region. The sp3 hybridized carbon, C2 and C3, are the lowest on the spectrum. This reaction verifies the statement, ”Measurements have shown that while naphthalene and benzene both are considered especially stable due to their aromaticity, benzene is significantly more stable than naphthalene.” As seen in the reaction, the benzene ring is left untouched and only the naphthalene is involved in the reaction with maleic
The goal of this two week lab was to examine the stereochemistry of the oxidation-reduction interconversion of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. The purpose of first week was to explore the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone and see how the reduction of the ketone will affect the stereoselectivity. The purpose of first week is to oxidize the alcohol, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol, to ketone just so that it can be reduced back into the alcohol to see how OH will react. The purpose of second week was to reduce 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol from first week and determine the effect of the product's diastereoselectivity by performing reduction procedures using sodium borohydride The chemicals for this lab are sodium hypochlorite, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone
A: The reaction with water and vinegar was the most useful in this experiment. The physical properties were very self explanatory because the texture of the powders was all different expect icing sugar and cornstarch. Also the Ph levels were very similar of six and seven for corn starch and icing sugar respectively. d) Q: How confident do you feel about your identification of the
However, at 3% substrate concentration, the hydrogen peroxide decomposition showed an immediate peak of up to 3.8 mm in height. As the substrate concentration slowly increased, enzyme
In molecular cell biology, restriction enzyme is used in various ways to understand the structure of a DNA molecule and how each of fragment of the sequence works. For this experiment, many researchers use several techniques and come up with logic questions that have various results to them. Such as in this study, researchers are analyzing the electroporation of BamHI or EcoRI together with pyr5-6 plasmids cuts with the same enzyme, which stimulates the efficiency of transformation in Dictyostelium discoideum (Kuspa and Loomis, 1992). This content shows the comparison between two different enzymes and how each fragments is affected with the source of pyr5-6 plasmid. Other studies use the three enzymes BamHI, EcoRI and HamIII together in numerous ways to get valuable results. Another technique is by constructing a restriction map, which is used in the lab.
The IR spectrum that was obtained of the white crystals showed several functional groups present in the molecule. The spectrum shows weak sharp peak at 2865 to 2964 cm-1, which is often associated with C-H, sp3 hybridised, stretching in the molecule, peaks in this region often represent a methyl group or CH2 groups. There are also peaks at 1369 cm-1, which is associated with CH3 stretching. There is also C=O stretching at 1767 cm-1, which is a strong peak due to the large dipole created via the large difference in electronegativity of the carbon and the oxygen atom. An anhydride C-O resonates between 1000 and 1300 cm-1 it is a at least two bands. The peak is present in the 13C NMR at 1269 and 1299 cm-1 it is of medium intensity.
Ensure gloves are worn at all times when handling strong acids and bases within the experiment of the preparation of benzocaine. 4-aminobenzoic acid (3.0g, 0.022 moles) was suspended into a dry round-bottomed flask (100cm3) followed by methylated sprits (20 cm3). Taking extra care the concentrated sulphuric acid of (3.0 cm3, 0.031 moles) was added. Immediately after the condenser was fitted on, and the components in the flask were swirled gently to mix components. It should be ensured that the reactants of the concentrated sulphuric acid and the 4-aminobenzoic acid were not clustered in the ground glass joint between the condenser itself and the flask. In order to heat the mixture to a boiling point, a heating mantle was used and then further left for gently refluxing for a constituent time of forty minutes. After the duration of the consistent forty minutes the rou...
As a final point, the unknown secondary alcohol α-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol had the R-configuration since it reacted the fastest with S-HBTM and much slower with R-HBTM. TLC was a qualitative method and ImageJ served as a quantitative method for determining which reaction was the faster esterification. Finally, 1H NMR assisted in identifying the unknown from a finite list of possible alcohols by labeling the hydrogens to the corresponding peaks.
Solid A was identified to be sodium chloride, solid B was identified to be sucrose, and Solid C was identified to be corn starch. Within the Information Chart – Mystery White Solid Lab there are results that distinguishes itself from the other 4 experimental results within each test. Such as: the high conductivity and high melting point of sodium chloride, and the iodine reaction of corn starch. Solid A is an ionic compound due to its high melting point and high electrical conductivity (7), within the Information Chart – Mystery White Solid Lab there is only one ionic compound which is sodium chloride, with the test results of Solid A, it can be concluded that is a sodium chloride. Solid B was identified as sucrose due to its low electrical
The actual amount of crude product was determined to be 3.11 grams. The percent yield of the crude product was determined to be 67.75 %. The actual amount of pure product formed was found to be 4.38 grams. The percent yield of the pure product was determined to be 95.42%. Regarding the thin layer chromatography, the line from the solvent front is 8 centimeters.
The goal of this experiment is to determine which products are formed from elimination reactions that occur in the dehydration of an alcohol under acidic and basic conditions. The process utilized is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a secondary and primary alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and the base-induced dehydrobromination of a secondary and primary bromide, 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The different products formed form each of these reactions will be analyzed using gas chromatography, which helps understand stereochemistry and regioselectivity of each product formed.
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
The experiment was successful in terms of receiving alkenes by dehydration in the product and not water as seen from the IR
According to the graph on amylase activity at various enzyme concentration (graph 1), the increase of enzyme dilution results in a slower decrease of amylose percentage. Looking at the graph, the amylose percentage decreases at a fast rate with the undiluted enzyme. However, the enzyme dilution with a concentration of 1:3 decreased at a slow rate over time. Additionally, the higher the enzyme dilution, the higher the amylose percentage. For example, in the graph it can be seen that the enzyme dilution with a 1:9 concentration increased over time. However, there is a drastic increase after four minutes, but this is most likely a result of the error that was encountered during the experiment. The undiluted enzyme and the enzyme dilution had a low amylose percentage because there was high enzyme activity. Also, there was an increase in amylose percentage with the enzyme dilution with a 1: 9 concentrations because there was low enzyme activity.
In this experiment the Sodium Hydroxide solution went through three different phases where its quality and quantity changed. The first phase was called I. Preparing Approximately 0.1M NaOH, 1000mL of clear distilled water was boiled and then chilled to room temp.