The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization …show more content…
In a chain growth system, the reaction is also started with monomers but these monomers primarily bind with monomers and polymers. A key difference between step and chain growth is that chain growth requires a termination step whereas step growth has no termination step because the oligomers are reactive throughout the process. In this experiment we produced a Nylon-6,10 polymer from a reaction with a sebacoyl chloride (decanedioyl dichloride)/dichloromethane mixture and a mixture of water, 1,6-hexanediamine and sodium carbonate. The name ‘Nylon-6,10’ indicates that the diamine that it was made from has 6 carbons and the diacid it was made from has 10 carbons. The sodium carbonate was used in the preparation of Nylon-6,10 because it is a strong base that will lower the acidity of the solution and neutralize the hydrochloric acid that was produced as a by-product. The HCl was produced as a by-product instead of water because we used milder conditions by substituting decanedioyl dichloride for decanedioic acid. The decanedioyl dichloride is a better alternative because it is more reactive towards the …show more content…
Styrofoam is made up of polystyrene polymers. Polystyrene is a relatively nonpolar solution so it can be inferred that it will dissolve in similar solutions following the rule ‘like dissolves like.’ When the Styrofoam was placed in the acetone it began bubbling and scrunching up. After stirring it around for a minute or so the Styrofoam was a small ball in the bottom of the beaker. When we pulled it out, it was squishy ad pliable. Because there was still styrafoam left over, this leads me to believe that the acetone simply sucked all the air out of the Styrofoam and left the polymers behind. Placing the foam in dichloromethane caused an immediate reaction. The styrafoam instantly dissipated and left bubbles in the beaker. A similar reaction happened with the Toluene. The Styrofoam dissolved after 1-2 seconds of soaking in the toluene and then dissolved, leaving only bubbles. Styrofoam and 95% Ethanol solution left the Styrofoam floating around in the beaker with no results. It was as if we placed the styrafoam in water. Mixing sodium polyacrylate and water resulted in in a thick, clear gel that resembled ice or snow. It was sticky and wouldn’t form a shape if you held it in your hand and molded it. Adding heated water and sprinkling in poly(vinyl alcohol) to the surface of the water produced another sticky
Then, I added 8 drops of concentrated phosphoric acid to the mixture. swirling it a few times. Then, I carefully took the flask to the station as I avoided trying to breath the vapors of the acetic anhydride. I put the e-flask into the beaker of water sitting on the hot plate in order to heat it for seven minutes. Once the seven minutes was up, my partner carried the e-flask to the fume hood, and added 3 mL of de-ionized water to the flask. She swirled it for a couple of minutes there. She brought it back tot he station where I gradually added 60 Ml of de-ionozed water to the mixture while my partner stirred the mixture constantly. I was able to see some of the aspirin beginning to form. In order to complete the crystallization process we cooled the flask in an ice-water bath from 4:00 until 4:20. As we waited I began to set up our filtration system. I used a ring stand, right angel clamp, three finger clamp, Buchner funner, filtering flask,rubber tubing, and filter paper in the Buchner funnel. I turned on the aspirator and pored some water over the filtering paper in order to create a good
surfactants. They are made up of two amphiphilic moieties connected at the level of the head
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
Polymer creatures are very fascinating, because they can grow when put in liquids, and experiments are going to be conducted relating to this growing. A polymer is a very long chain of molecules strung together (What). Polymers are very versatile, and can have almost limitless colors and characteristics (Definition). One of these qualities is absorbency, and some can absorb as much as five hundred times their weight in water (Growing). It is hypothesized that if the polymer creatures are submerged in water for a day it will at least double in size, while it will not grow as much when put in Sprite.
The Crystallinity of Kevlar Polymer strands, contributes to the unique strength and stiffness of the material. Kevlar is very similar to other common synthetic polymers, including Nylon, Teflon and Lycra. In all Polated to strength. Aromatic refers to the Carbon atoms attached in a ring, and Amides refers to a group of Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen atoms. Kevlar fiber is therefore a “Polyaromatic amide”, as it has a high breaking strength.
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
Polymers are formed during dehydration synthesis reactions, as a covalent bond forms between two monomers when a water molecule is lost (Collin County Community College, 2014). In hydrolysis, the covalent bond between monomers in a polymer is broken by the addition of a water molecule as the hydrogen in the water molecule attach...
It is a kind of plastic that originates from consolidating ethylene (found in unrefined petroleum) and chlorine (found in salt). At the point when joined together these substances get to be Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) gum, or as it is better known - Vinyl. It is then further handled to be made more adaptable, inflexible, semi-fluid, clear or bright, thick or thin.
To make PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) you have to start from the beginning by cracking the hydrocarbons molecules to monomers whom both are double bonds. PVC is a used plastics which contains Hydrogen, chlorine and carbon. It “started” from the method of polymerization. This is a ...
The most commonly produced PVC structure by addition polymerisation is the atactic PVC. As seen in Figure #, the chlorine atoms are branched randomly and asymmetrically along the carbon backbone. Unlike the other two structures, the random orientation prevents the polymers from packing closely together and is described to be ‘amorphous’.
The ingredients used in making slime contain fundamental additives that, when mixed together, cause the thick, gooey, slime every kid enjoys. Polymers are made from several smaller molecules joined by chemical bonds. The polyvinyl allows the mixture to feel slimy. Combing the polyvinyl and Borax together creates a chemical reaction. The mixture becomes cold, thicker, and elastic. This combination mixed together produces slime that is fun and safe for all ages.
There are two popular ways of creating nylon for fiber applications. One, ¡°molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (NH©ü) groups on each end.¡± The nylon 6,6 is made in this fashion. The other common way of making nylon fibers is by polymerizing a compound containing an amine at one end and an acid at the other, to form a chain with reoccurring groups of (-NH-[CH©ü]n-CO-)x. If the x=5, the fiber is named nylon 6 (Nylon Fiber).
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1
Hung S. Park et al., US Patent 4,375,533, Polymerization process for carboxyl containing polymers, (Mar. 1, 1983).
After this compound is formed, then comes the polymerisation stage1. In the polymerisation stage the compound that is produced is heated at a temperature of 260oC and at a low pressure1. A catalyst is required at this stage to speed up the reaction - there are many options for catalysts such as antimony (iii) oxide1. After this step the polyester is formed and half of the ethane1,2- diol is restored which is removed1.