Matrix metalloproteinases are members of a large family of enzymes that can degrade extracellular matrix as well as other molecules [1]. MMPs participate in a broad variety of normal and pathologic states [2], and have been implicated as potential mediators of cardiac dilation and heart failure. Indeed, in culture cells [3,4], animal models mimicking the CHF syndrome [5,6] and CHF patients [7-9], a mechanistic relationship has been demonstrated respect to myocardial MMP expression and left ventricular (LV) remodeling process [3-9]. Likewise, recent reports on endothelial culture cells [10-12] and animal models of CHF [13,14] have shown that the increase of expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (called gelatinases) might also play an important role in the impairement of endothelial function, a key event contributing on morbidity and mortality in CHF patients [15]. However, data respect to the role of MMPs on endothelial dysfunction in the setting of human CHF is completely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association between the activity of gelatinases and endothelial dysfunction in patients with CHF. We hypothesized that a higher plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities correlate with a lower endothelial function in patients with CHF. We included CHF patients, NYHA functional class II-III controlled in a university clinical center. All patients signed an informed consent approved by our institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee. Inclusion criteria were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40%, measured by radionuclide ventriculography or echocardiogram, conventional pharmacological treatment including diuretics, β-blockers, digoxin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and stable... ... middle of paper ... ...esented here share new clinical evidence suggesting a possible participation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the genesis and progression of endothelial dysfunction, suggesting an active role of MMPs in this event. The main limitations of the present study were the limited number of patients, the presence of standard pharmacological therapy administered that may influence our results and such a correlations reported here did not demostrate a cause-effect relationship, but there is experimental evidence that could sustain our results. Further studies are clearly required to address this issue for exploring the causal relationships between these proteases and the pathophysiology of endothelial function. Acknowledgements The authors of this manuscript have certified that they comply with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology [20].
Am I a lord, and have such a lady? Or do I dream? Or have I dreamed till now? I do not sleep. I see, I hear, I speak. I smell sweet savours, and I feel soft things. Upon my life, I am lord indeed, And not a tinker, nor Christopher Sly. From The Taming of the Shrew (Induction 2.66-71) Themes of memory and dreams echo throughout the works of Shakespeare, just as these concepts still resonate in postmodern literature. In The Taming of the Shrew the lower class drunken character
In the film, The Matrix, the human race is forced into a “dream state” by a powerful group that controls their reality. “The Matrix” is a false reality where people live an ordinary life. However, this reality, or illusion, is being forced onto people who readily accept it as truth. This concept is where Friedrich Nietzsche’s essay, “On Truth and Lies in a Moral Sense” (1873) begins its argument. Nietzsche begins his argument by explaining that we have a need to form groups or “herds”. To keep
This essay will examine the philosophical questions raised in the movie The Matrix. It will step through how the questions from the movie directly relate to both skepticism and the mind-body problem, and further how similarly those problems look to concepts raised by both Descartes’ and Plato’s philosophies. It will attempt to show that many of the questions raised in the movie are metaphor for concepts from each philosopher’s works, and why those concepts are important in relation to how they
The movie The Matrix raises many philosophical questions and often parallels previous and sometimes ancient theories regarding reality, skepticism, and perceptions of the mind-body problem. In this essay I will be evaluating how the movie The Matrix embodies theories and ideas involving skepticism and the mind-body problem. I will be explaining in detail why the movie, Plato, and Descartes have different views other than the normal way of believing what is real and what is imagination. I will also
The Matrix, a 1999 film created by Andy and Lana Wachowski, and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave both reveal the ongoing questions of “What is reality?” and “Are we living in the real world or an illusion?” Matrix is a sci-fi action film that talks about how the real world that Neo thought to be real was only an illusion and how the people living in the Matrix world are being trapped in a cave. This film adapted from Plato’s Allegory of the Cave because they share many similar characteristics and Matrix
Comparing The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? For the common moviegoer and book aficionado, the movie, The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are bizarre and peculiar. These works are not the usual themes of normal movies and books. These works have a lot of elements in common. Both works have matrices. The movie and the book stress the idea of reality. In both works the idea of what s real and what s not is the central theme. In the movie, The Matrix there are
Inner Smile - Deconstructing the Heterosexual Matrix An issue that is gaining in political and social importance is the issue of homosexuality. Reports of homosexuality and societal responses to homosexuality are brought up again and again in media coverage. These past few decades have seen a large increase in awareness of issues concerning homosexuality. Gender is intricately linked to homosexuality and numerous theorists have explored gender and sexuality under the umbrella term of Gay and Lesbian
Parallels between The Movie, "The Matrix" and Plato's Allegory Of The Cave In Book VII of The Republic, Plato tells a story entitled "The Allegory Of The Cave." He begins the story by describing a dark underground cave where a group of people are sitting in one long row with their backs to the cave's entrance. Chained to their chairs from an early age, all the humans can see is the distant cave wall in from of them. Their view of reality is soley based upon this limited view of the cave which
some contemporary films to this day. All though it is not always as direct as a deal with the actual devil, the same basis of the story can be seen in present day films. In one of the most successful movies of the year 2000, The Matrix, a Faustian theme is evident. The Matrix is a science fiction movie directed by the Wachowski brothers. The old legend of Faust is, in short, about a young scholar who made a deal with Mephistopheles, the devil. Faust was seeking ultimate knowledge and in the deal the
everywhere and nowhere, but it is not where our bodies live. (Barlow, 1996) You’ve been living in a dream world Neo. This, is the world, as it exists today: Welcome to the desert – of the real. (Morpheus to Neo in The Matrix) From Plato’s "Charmides" to the Wachowski brothers’ "The Matrix" (1999), there is a tradition of writing in Western literature, which thinks about and imagines the city as either a utopia or a dystopia, or both. I believe that what such imagining allows us is to do is locate ourselves
In the history of movies, there are great movies that come out. Then, filmmakers try to recreate the brilliance of that movie with a sequel, sometimes many sequels. All to make more money with something that is familiar to everyone. It very rarely works as well a second or third time around. Because the films usually completely dumb down the first movie 's premise and drop the important parts, in favor of something a lot simpler. In some cases, there are some exceptions; sometimes the sequel is better
It has been discussed by many scholars that In The Matrix, Morpheus describes the matrix as a prison for your mind, a dependent construct. This concept of a “dependent construct” is similar to the Buddhist idea of Samsara. Samsara teaches that the world in which we live our daily lives is constructed from the sensory projections formulated from our own desires. According to Buddhism and The Matrix, our conviction of reality which we base on sensory experience and desire keeps us locked in an illusion
metaphysical. This philosophical love of wisdom and sense of critical thinking is not evident in the character Cypher in The Matrix, who asserts that “ignorance is bliss.” Ignorance is the opposite of critical thinking. In one part of the movie, while eating a steak, Cypher states, “You know, I know this steak doesn't exist. I know that when I put it in my mouth, the Matrix is telling my brain that it is juicy
The Matrix - Following the Crowd The world is not what it seems. Everything that once was a fact, a belief beyond doubt, is really a part of a fictitious universe known to many as home. In truth, humans are disconnected from the real world and are living in a virtual reality. This is the world of The Matrix. This virtual reality of the Matrix is not far off from the world we live in, as is described by Lacan. Basically, we live in a world based on rules and order which disconnects
“The Matrix,” and “The Allegory of the Cave,” are both philosophical stories that changes one’s way of thinking and how they perceive reality as it is. There are two “worlds” within that the truth meets more than the eye. It starts of as an illusion, but once that barrier is broken, the truth is revealed. The prisoners in the cave and in the Matrix are set in an illusion as their only knowledge is what their senses are telling them. As expected, they believe that is reality because that what their