“Chronic diseases and illnesses are the leading causes of death and disability in the United States” (CDC.gov, 2014). These types of illnesses are the most common health problems that people in this country face today and they are also the most preventable (CDC.gov, 2014). Every year the cost to help care for and manage people with these types of illnesses increases and there is less being done about educating people about prevention. Venous Thromboembolism is one such chronic disease that is very deadly but also very preventable if the right precautions are taken. This paper will aim to educate about the disease, courses and costs of treatment, clinical microsystems that are involved and what barriers if any exist to achieving generative relationships among the various clinical microsystems involved. Venous thromboembolism, otherwise known as VTE is a chronic condition, which is comprised of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). …show more content…
The upside is that they are preventable. DVT “occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein. These clots usually develop in the lower leg, thigh, or pelvis, but they can also occur in the arm” (CDC.gov, 2012). Anyone at any age can develop DVT. There are certain risk factors that increase a person’s chance of having this chronic condition. Chances are increased further by a person have multiple risk factors at the same time (CDC.gov, 2012). These risk factors can include: injury to a vein, slow blood flow, increased estrogen intake usually birth control pills, certain chronic illnesses such as heart or lung disease, family history of DVT or PE and/or previous DVT or PE (CDC.gov, 2012). Age is another big risk factor. Even though anyone at any age can develop DVT, patients over the age of 60 have an increase risk of developing the condition (Mayo Clinic,
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein inside the body. DVT can occur when the blood thickens, because the thickening of the blood can cause a clot to form. DVT will generally occur within the lower leg or thigh, as well as other parts of the body. A clot that occurs in a deep vein can possibly break off from the original vein. When it breaks off it can travel throughout the body’s bloodstream. It is called an embolus when the clot breaks off. The clots that broke off throughout the thighs, are more likely to cause Pulmonary Embolism, rather than the other blood clots within the remainder of the body. Pulmonary Embolism is a serious condition which can be caused by blood clots. It can damage your organs, more likely to be the lungs, and cause death of an individual.
The metabolic pathway being mediated by the CYP2C19, CYP3A, CYP2B6 and CYP1A2 enzymes. The maximum concentration with a single dose of 300mg loading dose is twice as high as it is after four days of 75mg maintenance dose which occurs approximately 30 to 60 minutes after dosing.
If you are experiencing the pain or embarrassment associated with varicose veins, you likely want to know what you can do to prevent this problem from getting
Deep veins are located in the arms, legs, pelvis, and pulmonary system (Wipke-Tevis & Rich, 2014). Risk factors that are associated with venous thromboembolism include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability of the blood. Pathophysiology behind a DVT is when platelets aggregate and fibrin capture the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets to form a clot. Common sites where thrombus is formed are valve cusps of veins, where venous stasis occurs (Wipke-Tevis & Rich, 2014).
The figure is a representation of normal leg which comprises normal deep veins and deep veins affected by DVT. The normal vein carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart and helps in its purification. However, DVT causes valves to contract and which led to less flow of deoxygenated blood towards the heart. Due to this condition, there is a formation of a blood clot on the valves of the veins which further reduces blood flow and causes further thickening of valves of the deep veins (Van Beek, 2009).
The topic I have chosen for the Health Promotion Plan focuses on cerebrovascular diseases, mainly stroke. Since stroke is number forth cause of death in the United State, it appears as a clear choice for educating the population about this disease, risk factors, manifestation, and treatment. Stroke and heart diseases are both preventable and share many common risk factors, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and alcohol use, unhealthy diet, or stress. Working on neurology floor, one can tell that the general public knowledge about stroke is not sufficient, and the awareness about this problem needs to be addressed constantly in order to reduce the number of possible disabilities as well as the amount of money spent on treatment of the stroke patient. According to the Center for Disease
While varicose veins may seem like a cosmetic problem, they can also develop into serious health issues if they are not treated. Varicose veins do not always show above the surface of the skin, but they are developing in the leg and need to be treated. The sooner you get treatment for any vein problem, the easier the problem is to treat. Early treatment may give you the option of having minimally invasive treatment.
A cerebrovascular accident is known as a stroke. A Stroke is a major illness that affects many people within minutes. It happen when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This is an emergency that can’t wait too long to get treatment. The brain needs a consistent supply of blood, which carries the oxygen and nutrient it needs to function. Every artery in the brain works hard to supplies blood to the brain. A stroke occurs when one of these arteries are either blocked or burst. As a result, part of the brain does not get the blood it needs, so it starts to die. However, the more quickly you get treatment, the better the prognosis. At the point when a stroke goes untreated for a really long time, there can be permanent brain damage.
Tendency for veins to become varicose can be standing still for long periods, pregnancy and
bed rest increases the risk of a DVT progressing to a PE and that ambulation is
To stop the blood flow after damage, body uses three ways to maintain hemostasis; vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. Coagulation is an important process to prevent loss of blood when blood vessels are cut or damaged. Blood clot is a plug of platelet reinforce with the mesh of fibrin. However, a person with Disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC, the blood clots have formed throughout the blood vessels when does not necessary. It leads to organ damages due to blocked blood vessels; furthermore, it leads to life-threatening bleeding due to wasting clotting factors and platelets when they are needed.
There is an ever growing introduction of new anticoagulants i.e. blood thinning medications into the health care market. Due to the associated risk of DVT prophylaxis with concurrent anti-coagulation therapy, it is imperative that detailed medication reconciliation is completed pre and post hospital admission/discharge or special procedures to prevent complications of increased bleeding. Factors influencing these risks include; multiple dosing providers, poor patient compliance, and adverse concurrent anticoagulant use. Improved nursing research has been initiated to improve awareness and the incidence of adverse affects on patient populations.
One must understand that patients who are prescribed warfarin are at a high risk of bleeding. According to Sanderson et al. (2009) “many patients were unable to link known risk factors as contributing” to DVT to their therapist (p. 25). Although patients are admitted for major lower extremity surgeries, some of these patients also have chronic diseases, such as cerebral vascular accident (CVA), coronary artery disease, diabetes, cardiac, renal disease, and obesity and might take a complex medication regimen. Therefore, these patients require a major understanding of detailed discharge education of medication regimen, side effects, and interactions to prevent them from suffering complications. Furthermore, Campbell and Selton (2010) claimed that patients mostly misunderstand the interactions of some foods that are rich in vitamin K with warfarin (p. 373). Most are unaware of the consciousness and complications foods that are high in vitamin K brings to their current health status. Clinents also lack the knowledge of the need to adjust their warfarin dosing and monitoring of the International Normalization Ratio (INR) level. Although nurses do give a quick verbal instruction such as, informing patients to immediately report to provider if they observe bruises on skin, excessive gum bleeding or blood in urine, patients fail to fully understand the danger of taking anticoagulants medications.
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death globally (Johnson, Onuma, Owolabi, & Sachdev, 2016). There were estimated 6.5 million stroke deaths each year and approximately 58% were females (Girijala, Sohrabji, & Bush, 2017; Writing Group et al., 2016). Many stroke survivor patients have disabilities that could affect emotional problems, family burdens, and high costs of treatment (Abubakar & Isezuo, 2012; Bottacchi et al., 2012; Norrving & Kissela, 2013; Robinson & Jorge, 2016; Writing Group et al., 2016). Several studies showed females experiencing acute stroke were negatively impacted(Dehlendorff, Andersen, & Olsen, 2015; Gall et al., 2010; Girijala et al., 2017). Females not only suffered more severity, but also poorer functional recovery, troubled with higher post-stroke depression and had worse quality of life than males (Girijala et al., 2017; Lisabeth et al., 2015). Interestingly, one important cause that may involve these negative outcomes among women was the lower rate of appropriated treatment accesses; the thrombolytic treatment, the endovascular procedure, or the surgery(Boehme et al., 2014; Girijala et al., 2017; Jauch et al., 2013; Nagaraja et al., 2012).
Often times existence of thrombosis causes no pain or symptoms. However, if it blocks off blood flow, pain and swelling will occur around surface veins and movement may become difficult. In severe cases, a blood clot will detach from the leg and travel through your blood to the heart or lungs in which case sudden and severe symptoms and even death can result if left untreated within a few hours. (www.activebeat.co)