While first reading the article entitled as the seven ages of information retrieval written by Micheal Lesk, it shows that the development of information retrieval is discussed by using the concept of life span produced by the most popular literature, Shakespeare. The author was highlighted the major point used by Shakespeare starting from childhood until retirement to be adapted on the expectation of the article that he has been read before which is the article written by Vennevar Bush in 1945. Few expectations come from this article based on the development of information retrieval. Some of the expectation is managed to be done by the time, some others may advance in terms of implementing the way of getting the information than the expectation that Bush wants and some others is still in progress in future. Besides, some of the point is supported by a graft to make the clear picture of the reader.
First part that relates to the information retrieval with the life span of person is the challenges part or the tension part between the simple statistical method and sophisticated information analysis. At this part, the translation problem is being highlighted. This is a common problem in cross-lingual information system (Bounsaythip, Lehtola & Tenni) where when using a query expressed in the second language, the most relevant documents in the translated subset are extracted (usually using a cosine measure of proximity). These relevant documents are in turn used to extract close untranslated documents in the subspace of the first language. (Fluhr, 1996). The ideas of translating language is also being highlighted in this article when the author’s code the Warren Weaver memo in 1949. Weaver used to study on machine translation while...
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Works Cited
Bounsaythip, C., Lehtola, A. & Tenni, J. (n.a). Automatic translation in cross-lingual access to legislative databases. Retrieved October 13, 2011 from http://www.ercim.eu/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS8/tenni.html
Croft, W.B. (1995). What do people want from information retrieval?: The top 10 research issues for companies that use and sell IR systems. Retrieved October 26, 2011 from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november95/11croft.html
Fluhr, C. (1996). Multilingual Information Retrieval. In Cole, R. A., Mariani, J., Uskoreit, H., Zaenen, A. & Zue, V. (Eds.), Survey of the state of the art in Human Language Technology. Retrieved October 13, 2011 from http://www.cslu.ogi.edu/HLTsurvey/ch8node7.html
Lesk, M. (1995). The seven ages of information retrieval. Retrieved October 26, 2011 from http://archive.ifla.org/VI/5/op/udtop5/udtop5.htm#10
...6. Fisher Center for Information Technology & Management, University of California in Berkeley. June 1995
The course in which the research was conducted is N100, and it is an introductory course in the Media Arts and Science program under the Indiana University School of Informatics at IUPUI. It is a large lecture course that is held in...
Information Retrieval (IR) is to represent, retrieve from storage and organise the information. The information should be easily access. User will be more interested with easy access information. Information retrieval process is the skills of searching for documents, for information within documents and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching relational databases and the World Wide Web. According to (Shing Ping Tucker, 2008), E-commerce is rapidly a growing segment in the internet.
Michael Lesk adopts Shakespeare’s theory of seven ages of human being which start from infancy to senility to predict the evolution of Information Retrieval from 1945 to 2010. In this paper, Lesk tried to compare two approaches to information retrieval. The first approach is intellectual analysis by human and machine – artificial intelligence introduced by Vannevar Bush’s. The second approach is simple exhaustive processing – statistical detail introduced by Warren Weaver’s .The paper was written in 1995, when the Internet and World Wide Web technology still crawling to grow. I’ve identified three important elements to be elaborated in this essay regarding the evolution of information retrieval.
The Internet has encyclopedic capabilities that surpass any previous knowledge collecting endeavors. The pages that we move through seem almost infinite, offering different perspectives and intersecting accounts. These qualities lend a feeling of omniscience to the surfer. “The limitless expanse of gigabytes presents itself to the storyteller as a vast tabula rasa crying out to be filled with all the matter of life” (84). Filling this “limitless expanse” is not without complication. “The reality is much more chaotic and fragmented: networked information is often incomplete or misleading, search routines are often unbearably cumbersome and frustrating, and the information we desire often seems to be tantalizingly out of reach” (84).
According to Hermans, the understanding that translations can never be produced in a blankness, without taking into account the time and culture, and the will to clarify the time and culture bound criteria which are at play, gives rise to the shift in early eighties towards a evocative
In today’s fast paced technology, search engines have become vastly popular use for people’s daily routines. A search engine is an information retrieval system that allows someone to search the...
The fact that the Internet is bristling full of information, too much information for a single human being to comprehend, is not the problem, but the real issue is in the quality of the information therein. The old lesson on Internet searching is when you enter for example, "computers," and the search engine returns 10 of an abominable 8,102,365 matches. You would exclaim, "Wow! There is a lot of information in there." Then you would ask, "How do you know what is good?" Where is the quality? Portals (who run search engines) these days are adding value to their searched information thereby returning higher quality results, often grouped by appropriate categories, thus pinpointing useful information for the learning public.
Now that we are living in an ever changing world, technology is viewed as the most resourceful tool in keeping up with the pace. Without the use of technology, communication would be limited to using mail for delivery and encyclopedias for research. Although technology has improved the way we communicate and find information for research, the information is not always valid. Unfortunately, for those of us who use the internet for shopping, research, or reading articles of personal interest the information is not treated the same as a your magazine or book. While such literature is reviewed by an editorial staff, internet literature or information can be published by anyone. In order to reap the full benefit of having the use of technology for any purpose, there are five basic criteria’s one must keep in mind as an evaluating tool for deciding whether or not the particular website is a reliable source for information.
Nowadays, information is the cornerstone of the modern enterprise and the web became the largest and most accessible information resources. The ability to gather, arrange, manipulate information with computers has given practice as well as for business people in order to manage information in an effective way. Information retrieval is a process and techniques of searching and interpreting information in order to store the data for easy retrieval when needed. The article entitled “Seven Ages of Information Retrieval”, the author who is Michael Lesk explained about the history or the beginning of information retrieval based on the theory of Vannevar Bush’s 1945, Warren Weaver in 1949 and also related to theory of Shakespeare 1955 which is seven ages of man, starting from infancy and leading to senility.
The main characteristic of web writing that makes it different from traditional writing is the use of keywords, the words and phrases most likely to be used by readers as they search for information on the web. The Internet is an environment where we read and consume information in a manner that is different from the traditional or conventional. However, with the Internet becoming the primary mode of gathering information, knowledge of these patterns and behaviors is very important for anyone aiming to get information out to readers
The field of Computational Linguistics is relatively new; however, it contains several sub-areas reflecting practical applications in the field. Machine (or Automatic) Translation (MT) is one of the main components of Computational Linguistics (CL). It can be considered as an independent subject because people who work in this domain are not necessarily experts in the other domains of CL. However, what connects them is the fact that all of these subjects use computers as a tool to deal with human language. Therefore, some people call it Natural Language Processing (NLP). This paper tries to highlight MT as an essential sub-area of CL. The types and approaches of MT will be considered, and limitations discussed.
In the developed world, a day cannot pass without an involvement of technology. The ease of use for personal needs let to the prevalence of technology over traditional types of media, such as television, radio or printed publications. Most of the world news is being witnessed in a digital world, as an average user increased the amount of time spent online from 13 hours in a week in 2009 to 23 hours in 2013 . The ease of use of technology resulting in more than benefit, as the ease of manipulation has become an arising issue due to the range of software that give an possibility to the common user. The overall objective of this essay is to answer the following question: “How does technology help preserve the History and make it accessible while keeping its integrity and credibility?”
“In a digital age, we must learn how to make the software, or risk becoming the software” by Rush off (Rushkoff). This quotation helps in the paper to support our points against the technical illiteracy and its impact on the society. We are living in the 21st century, we use the benefits of scientific progress, and we consider ourselves civilized people. The future of society is not only to learn new skills, operate a computer, not only become a modern illiterate, but also to make life and work extremely inconvenient. Illiteracy is the illiterate people. The same is true in various dictionary definitions. Literacy and the written word do not bring some impact on their lives and survival. The age criterion is paramount and is the main discriminating factor in the application of these technologies. On the one hand, we are talking about cognitive reasons: age man harder to relearn (Freire, and Donaldo).