Chapter Two
A Review of Theory
2.1 Chapter Overview
This chapter critically analyses past research and serves as an overall understanding of the current research on Tendering process, Requirements Elicitation and Gamification. It covers review of tendering, e-tendering and existing e-tendering systems, as well as an insight in requirements elicitation process, capturing and analysis of requirements, a wide variety of techniques and approaches, methodology based requirements elicitation and types of available tool support for this process. The review of the Gamification industry is directed to gain insights into the power of motivation and engagement acquired from gamification principles.
2.2 Tendering process
2.2.1 The construction process in general
According to Nordstrand, the construction process starts with the statement of a desire and ends with usage of the finished product, and in between there are a consistent number of different phases, see Figure 2.1.
Once the need has been determined, the actual design starts concordantly with the procurement. The design phase aims to generate technical specifications and drawing needed, whereas procurement refers to the purchase of the work (Nordstrand, 2008).
Figure 2.1: The construction process in general. Adapted from (Nordstrand, 2008)
2.2.3 Traditional Tendering
Tendering is a process commonly used in awarding contracts. The basic components in the process are performed in sequential order as shown in Figure 2.2. The components are: pre-qualification and registration, public invitation to tender, tender preparation and submission, close or open of tender, tender evaluation, award of tender, and archivin...
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...ngths and areas on the screen image.
2.2.5.4 iSpec CAPEX iSpec manages the entire tendering process including:
• ::Tender Preparation
:: Tender Publication
:: Q & A and vendor submissions
:: Tender Evaluation
:: Negotiation and Awarding
:: Contract Management
:: Delivery Tracking
:: Performance Tracking
To conclude, many electronic tendering systems have already been developed and are currently in use, supporting the tender/bid process in the construction industry. Functionalities provided by the systems examined vary from system to system and include:
• Electronic search of ongoing or assigned tenders
• Tender document download
• Search for partners in the system database
• E-mail exchange between primes, subcontractors and suppliers
• Automatic search of new tenders based on defined user profile and user notification
• Electronic creation and submission of bids.
Based on the textbook and my understanding, whenever there are negotiations between a procurer and a supplier regarding a competitive bidding, the first thing that might be favored is the scope of the project, meaning both will sit down and discuss the entire project prior the work begins. Meanwhile, during the negotiations, evaluation criteria should be clear, and stated and defined. As the evaluation is based on the criteria stated and the procurer can request or ask the supplier’s opinions on certain specifications and where things can be improved.
As the United States economy struggles through a sluggish time with the stock market dropping and unemployment rising, being competitive in the job market has become extremely important among professionals. Engineers are no exception. For most engineering firms, being competitive and successful requires obtaining design projects offered by companies in other fields. These projects can range from designing heating and ventilation systems for office buildings to water systems for cities to computer networks for businesses—the list of possibilities and disciplines is extensive. To get these jobs, engineers must make a bid proposal for the project. Bidding involves estimating the entire cost of the project, including the designing and building processes, as well as the materials and labor. Usually, the company with the lowest bid and the best plan gets the job. The ethical issue in this process is determining the cheapest building materials and construction procedures possible without compromising public safety.
As a consultant, there are processes that vary in the number of steps, however for the purposes of this paper the following steps will be addressed; initial contact, decision to work together, preliminary analysis, formal proposal, project charter, in-depth analysis, implementation, delivery, and follow up (Frankl, 2014, p. 3).
In the British construction industry, the term ‘procurement’ show a series of activities and processes undertaken by the developer or client to secure the construction or refurbishment of a building. The Government Procurement Service define procurement as the ‘whole process of acquisition from the third parties and covers goods, services and construction projects. This process spans the whole life cycle from initial concept and definition of business needs through to the end of the useful life of an asset or end of a service contract.’ ( Arun District Council, 2011)
1. After the concept development takes place, it goes to the Chief Plate Engineer for the design approval. Here at the stage the engineer community gives its recommendations and...
Phase VIII — Equipment Purchasing: During construction, you should specify, bid and purchase the furniture and equipment identified in Phase II, for delivery prior to your facility’s opening. It will be very helpful for you to have a timeline showing coordinated equipment delivery dates.
Client(s) may be in the first stage of our design thinking sequences (Archer, 1984, p. 67), and then the designer job is to explore what is the problem, what do we want, what do they need: to produce a design to meet the requirements. The initial design problem presented to the designer may be poorly and incompletely described (McDonnell, 1997, p. 45...
Focus shall be on utilizing pre-production tools while developing the prototypes. Actual material, wherever possible, shall be used in the development of prototypes rather than having substituted parts. Make the prototypes as closer as possible to actual outputs.
... stages that we have to do in order to make a good and functional design; they are programming, design development, construction documents and installation. Day once said, "It's all about vision, the vision of the designer & the vision of the client." I personally agree with her quote, which in other words means that both the designer and the client’s ideas are equally important because when they combine ideas, it will make one incredible design.
First, the designs are completed before tender and tender can provide good time and cost control. Also, the tenderer can receive complete information and design and they can bid on the same basis, so the competition is fair. Moreover, this is design-led and the client can change the design ability, so the level of functionality and quality will be increased in the overall design. And then, it is relatively easy to arrange and manage if the design will be changed because of the client’s needs and technology. Also, traditional paths are a tried and tested route, so it is well established and the market is very familiar with.
When work is approved and completed, a payment will be made. Besides that, regular installment also involve in the payment. To decrease the cost of overall project, clients can back out on “non-essential” items. Furthermore, before each functionality programmed, each of them will be provided associated costs that can be seen by
...he organization. The output of the design group’s efforts is detailed drawing and other specifications, which assist the succeeding groups for effective usage of the raw materials into a finished product. This information is also important for the product
E-procurement assessment is complex in nature and its performance evaluation should be based on its complex and numerous goals; to streamline expenditure, to decrease administrative bottlenecks and costs, to promote operational efficiency (Croom, 2000), to strengthen organizations’ network vision and technological collaboration with business partners (Murray, 2001) and to completely automate certain procurement activities (Smith and Flanegin, 2004; Aisbett et al.,
This paper examines the legal aspects of procurement management and specifically how procurement management can be used as an effective tool for the overall management of a project. This paper focuses on the basics of common contract laws, the basics of agency law, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and some aspects of that pertaining to the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). A summation of the company’s position in relation to a given supplier (provided the company decides not to procure all of the material in a contract) will be examined along with how that position is strengthened by understanding the legal aspects of procurement management. Finally, the paper will analyze how the project manager is supported by the contract management function. Fleming (2003) posited that there is a clear and important distinction that should be made that delineates the work of the project from the inside work of the company.
Step 5, acquisition and analysis of proposals: after having all the information from the relevant suppliers, the organization should analyse the information according to their criteria and standard.