Can association patterns be identified? Social network theory has proven to be a powerful tool in the study of social structure and behaviour of wild animals (Krause, Lusseau, & James, 2009; Kurvers, Krause, Croft, Wilson, & Wolf, 2014; Pinter-Wollman et al., 2013). Here, we have shown that high resolution spatio-temporal data of animal movement from acoustic telemetry can be used in combination with social network analysis to access the social behaviour of free-ranging marine animals for which long-term direct observation is otherwise difficult. This approach has demonstrated that wobbegongs will form long-term and/or casual associations with particular conspecifics. Associations between sharks occurred more often than would be expected by chance, and both assortative mixing and space-use correlations …show more content…
We found a complete network within the study population within which all sharks associated with at least one other shark. However, associations were sparse, with only one third of potential pairings being filled. Individuals did not associate exclusively with one other individual and the low number of associates per shark suggests that this population is not gregarious. Although preferred associations were evident at the dyadic level, broader community and network structure was indistinct. Are these preferred associations or random aggregations? At the dyadic and community level, we found limited evidence of sharks mixing by sex, age class, or familiarity. This is surprising, as sex and age segregation is a common feature of shark aggregations (Heupel & Simpfendorfer, 2005; Wearmouth & Sims, 2008). Mixed sex groups have been observed in a demersal shark, the nursehound (Scyliorhinus stellaris; Scott, Gibbs, & Holding, 1997), where a
The Great Shark debate – to cull or not to cull, has been at the forefront of the minds of conservationists, as well as the general population for many decades now. The opinions of everyone are divided, according to their personal experiences, and views on what is right and wrong for the environment.
Macy, M. W., & Skvoretz, J. (1998, October). The evolution of trust and cooperation between strangers: A Computational Model. American Sociological Review, 63, 638-660.
Jennifer Ackerman's main focus in her article The Ultimate Social Network, is that of the functions concerning bacteria within humans. Although scientists have had presumptions about humans being proficient in governing their body’s innermost structure, they soon come to recognize the sophistication of our inner space which holds an extensive plethora of bacteria and other microorganisms that lie within each and every one of us. Moreover, scientists' new and emerging view of how the human body operates, and the cause of increasing present-day diseases (i.e. obesity and different autoimmune disorders) are uncovered by analyzing effects of certain microbe species in our bodies. By italicizing on points such as the above, in conjunction with bacteria's genetic variations, and modern computing technology, the author proves that scientists are quickly progressing with the characterization the most prevalent species of microbes, which, in her opinion, is definitely paying off.
The symbolism and imagery used in the short stories paints a vivid picture into the author’s train of thought. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Shirley Jackson were not normal writers. The stories are a form of gothic writing. This paper will be analyzing the point of view, symbolism, and setting in the stories The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson.
The Social Psychology Network (SNL) is a professional organization with a large number of members. The organization is found online through a website. The purpose of the (SNL) is research, educate, and the promote psychology (Social Psychology Network, 2016). In this essay I will discuss the theoretical perspectives of social psychology with information obtained from the website. I will look at and discuss psychologist’s studies as they relate to each subject.
Chimpanzees (Figure 1) are the closest living relatives to us, and they share 99 percent of our DNA (1). Chimpanzees have distinct group territoriality. Male chimpanzees “patrol” near the boundary between the two ranges, at that time they move very carefully and quietly, and they can cease to listen and observe the range of their neighbors. Patrolling individuals are likely to face cruel and violent attacks, injuries, and even deaths. Intense excitement and aggressive display can occur if the two parties of two communities encounter each other. Usually, the larger group holds its ground, and interaction between different chimpanzees communities may also lead to gang attack. Expanding the community range is necessary to their social organizations, the males cooperation can defend the territory and increase the reproductive rates of the resident females by excluding female and male competitors. Body contact is common in their social life such as grooming (1). Usually, chimpanzees groom each other as a way to show harmony and solidarity in their society (Figure 2). Grooming each other demonstrates the deep bonds and close relationship between them. In addition, they can even hug, hold hands, touch, kiss each other as a way of emotional expression (2).
In 2015 only 59 shark attacks have occurred around the world compared to the millions of sharks killed by humans every year. Due to these accidental shark attacks people tend to think that sharks, especially Great Whites are evil creatures with malice intentions when attacks do occur; but, on the contrary that is wrong. Sharks are not the only beautiful and unique creatures in the ocean, they also play a vital role in our ecosystem; however, due to human interference they might not be around much longer, through awareness sharks can be protected from endangerment.
generalizable to the population because the social bonds solely emphasized on typical white families. However, the psychodynamic theory managed to address the weaknesses of the social bond theory because it’s generalizable towards the population to a greater extent. For instance, psychodynamic theory interventions were tested on the African population in Nigeria who were adolescents from the lower class as these psychodynamic interventions were easy to conduct among populations in order to draw inferences (Taiwo & Osinowo, 2011, pp. 627-629).
Most people think that sharks are large, fast-swimmers, and savage predators. This is true of some species and groups should be interested of the appealing aspects of biology found within it: all sharks have an excellent sense of smell; some can detect electrical discharges; some sharks give birth to one of the
The morphology of whale sharks is mostly similar to aquatic fish species, but many specific traits help differentiate them from the rest. Whale sharks are the largest fish in the world and can reach a size of around 20 meters (Martins, C., and C. Knickle). This is often compared to the size of a school bus. The shark has a very large transverse mouth. They have 5 very large gill slits and have a larger first dorsal fin compared to the second one (Whale Shark). They have a distinctive spotted “checkerboard” pattern with stripes (Martins, C., and C. Knickle). It is not exactly known why they have this specific body marking. It is believed that the body markings act as a camouflage. The strange thing about whale sharks is that they have 300 rows of teeth that play no role in feeding (Martins, C., and C. Knickle).
In this section I will discuss racial standards of beauty and how they are constructed and represented in the media. I will talk about the toys I played with as a child and what type of television I watched as an adolescent. For this paper, I will draw on the social concept definition of race. The social concept definition of race rejects the biological traits that are associated with race and is based on "specific social relations and historical contexts" that are associated with racial categories (Omi and Winant, 12-13).
The purpose of the study was to investigate the different characteristics of social behavior and grouping during adolescence in male African elephants (Loxodonta africana). The reason this was of interest is because this period, between puberty and the onset of reproduction, is common mammal species and is most likely a very essential in an individual’s development. It is generally accepted that different species go through this stage in order to learn the required skills and gain maturity for successful reproduction. The main objectives of the study were to find out the level of social interaction, choice of group affiliation and nearest neighbor among adolescent male elephants. A population of wild elephants was studied over a period of three years (2002-2005) on a 215km2 area in the Okavango Delta in Botswana. Social interactions and behavior of young males was studied mainly using the focal sampling method where an individual was selected from a herd and observed for 30 minutes and data were collected at five minute intervals. The researchers aimed to sample as many different individuals as possible from the 333 individually identified males in the area. In total they collected 283 unique observations, 78% of which were observations of elephants in social groups.
In 1969, Travis Hirschi developed what is known as Social Bond Theory. Hirschi built on the work of other social control theorists and was able to provide a better picture of what social bond is. In Social Bond Theory there are four basic elements that make up social bonds. They are attachment, involvement, commitment, and belief. It is these four bonds that all humans hold and ultimately determine conformity or deviant behavior(Agnew, 1985).
To Begin to understand Social Network theory more deeply, it is important to understand some of the key concepts of the theory. One of the main concepts of this theory is identifying what a network means. A network can be defined as a set of relationships (Dunn, 1983). The simplest kind of network contains two objects, such as two people, and a relationship that links them together. For example, two people that know each other would ...
Social network theory is common in many sections of academia, such as psychology, business management and sociology. Although it is a lesser-known theory in sociology, it is a relevant theory in analyzing the benefits of the Go International project within Copenhagen Capacity and the obstacles facing international talent in foreign countries. In short social networks theory focuses on relationships that individual actors have rather than solely focusing on the individual. Meaning that by looking at the relations an actor has with other actors, organizations, and systems it allows for a more encompassing way to analyze the behavior and activities of these actors and their interrelating systems (Pescosolido, B.A., 2011). However this paper will focus primarily on how using the theory of social networks can help analyze the experiences of skilled labor or international talent as a social group and used to identify the multi fold obstacles they face when moving to a new country.