In all forms of life, organisms use various mechanisms in order to regulate their body processes, and to control both their intracellular and extracellular volume. In this cell volume experiment, one tested how different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions and osmolality affected the rate of absorbance and the percentage of hemolysis. When a solution has a higher NaCl concentration on the inside as compared to the outside, then it is a hypotonic solution. In this case, the red blood cells or erythrocytes can hemolyze (swell and burst). However, when the NaCl concentration is higher on the outside, then the solution is hypertonic. As a result, the erythrocytes will undergo crenation (shrinkage). The hypothesis for this experiment states that if there is a large amount of absorbance in each solution, then the percentage of hemolysis will correspond directly. In other words, the values for both …show more content…
In figure 1.2, a major correlation between absorbance and percent hemolysis cannot be seen because the values fluctuated tremendously. On the contrary, it follows a pattern whereby a large value of absorbance gives a large value of percent hemolysis. In tubes 1 through 6 and the control hemolysis occurred, but in tubes 7 through 11 the red blood cells remained the same. The calculated osmolarity increased from 31.034 mOsm/kg to 341.352 mOsm/kg, thus displaying a negative slope between osmolarity and percent hemolysis. In other words, the NaCl concentration on the outside of the erythrocytes was larger than the inside, thus causing osmolarity to increase. Therefore, the green light from the colorimeter did not absorbed as much erythrocytes because water was unable to permeate the cells. In solutions 10 and 11, absorbance nor hemolysis did not take place because of the 0 values which means that the red light completely transmitted through these red blood
In Blood In Blood Out is a drama directed by Taylor Hackford, and starring Damian Chapa (Miklo), Benjamin Bratt (Paco), and Jesse Borrego (Cruz), produced by Hollywood Pictures. The film was based off everyday life in East Los Angeles, from the 1970’s through the 1980’s. Damian Chapa stars as Miklo in the film, a Mexican-American who wanted to be accepted, not by his skin but for the Mexican within him. Benjamin Bratt (Paco) was the older cousin of Miklo, who learned his lesson throughout the movie and changed his ways. Jesse Borrego (Cruz) is the step-brother of Paco who was a talent artist, who ended up turning to drugs because of back problems caused by a rival gang incident.
Three hundred and thirty-four years later in the future, Carl Landsteiner, a Viennese doctor, performed a very simple experiment with blood in 1901. During his experiment, Landsteiner noticed "clotting in some samples of mixed blood and not others". (Tucker, 10) Landsteiner separated his samples into three groups: A, B, and C, according to how they clotted in his experiment. Today, the blood type C is known as type O blood. When Landsteiner was grouping these blood types, he happened to look over type AB. AB occurs in about 3 percent of the population. Later in 1907, two researchers, Jan Jansky in Czechoslovakia and William Lorenzo Moss in the United
In this experiment the effects of blood vessel radius and blood pressure on glomerular filtration was experimented. The effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is as the glomerular capillary pressure decreased; the filtration rate decreased. The effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is as the glomerular capillary pressure increased; the filtration rate increased. The effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is as the glomerular capillary pressure increased; the filtration rate increased. The effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is that glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate decreased
Alkaline Phosphatase (APase) is an important enzyme in pre-diagnostic treatments making it an intensely studied enzyme. In order to fully understand the biochemical properties of enzymes, a kinetic explanation is essential. The kinetic assessment allows for a mechanism on how the enzyme functions. The experiment performed outlines the kinetic assessment for the purification of APase, which was purified in latter experiments through the lysis of E.coli’s bacterial cell wall. This kinetic experiment exploits the catalytic process of APase; APase catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction to produce an inorganic phosphate and alcohol via an intermediate complex.1 Using the Michaelis-Menton model for kinetic characteristics, the kinetic values of APase were found by evaluating the enzymatic rate using a paranitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate. This model uses an equation to describe enzymatic rates, by relating the
The direction of osmosis depends on the relative concentration of the solutes on the two sides. In osmosis, water can travel in three different ways. If the molecules outside the cell are lower than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established. If the molecules outside the cell are higher than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypertonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium exists. If the molecules outside and inside the cell are equal, the solution is said to be isotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates, causing no net movement of water. In osmosis the cell is selectively permeable, meaning that it only allows certain substances to be transferred into and out of the cell. In osmosis, the proteins only on the surface are called peripheral proteins, which form carbohydrate chains whose purpose is used like antennae for communication. Embedded in the peripheral proteins are integral
On a cellular level, Mrs. Jones’ cells are dehydrated due to osmotic pressure changes related to her high blood glucose. Cells dehydrate when poor cellular diffusion of glucose causes increased concentrations of glucose outside of the cell and lesser concentrations inside of the cell. Diffusion refers to the movement of particles from one gradient to another. In simple diffusion there is a stabilization of unequal of particles on either side of a permeable membrane through which the particles move freely to equalize the particles on both sides. The more complex facilitated diffusion is a passive transport of large particles from a high concentration of particles to a lower concentration of particles with the aid of a transport protein (Porth, 2011). The cellular membranes in our bodies are semipermeable allowing for smaller molecules to flow freely from the intracellular to extracellular space. The glucose molecule, however; is too large to diffuse through the cellul...
Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2012). The cardiovascular system: The blood. In B. Roesch (Ed.),
In the article, Blood Red Night, author Lauren Tarshis' point of view is focused mostly on the destruction that the fire caused. I know this because most of the ideas that she conveys in the text use words that have to do with destruction. For example, in the section "A Choking Fog", the author states, "The blazes burned hundreds of acres of forestland and incinerated hundreds of homes and shops in nearby communities." This sentence uses several words such as blazes and incinerated which illustrate for the reader the destruction that happened during the peshtigo fire. Another example of when the author mentions the destruction that the Peshtigo fire caused was in the section "Sheets of Flame" when she states, "By morning, more than a billion
Dialysis tubing is made from regenerated cellulose or cellophane, and is used in clinical circumstances to ensure that molecule have a filtered flow, and that larger solute molecules do not enter the dialysis tubing (Alberts, 2002). Like a cell membrane, dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane, which allows small molecule to permeate through the membrane. Thus, the dialysis tubing mimics the diffusion and osmosis processes of the cell membrane (Alberts, 2002). Although the dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane, which mimics a cell, its structure is different. The me...
The interest in studying Rhesus disease stems from an aspiration to understand blood and its’ components at a cellular level. In order to recognize what factors lead to this disease and what components of the cell can be used as indicators/markers to diagnose it, one must have a general idea of the concepts involved in cellular processes. This paper will focus on the causes of hemolytic disease, including natural and/or surgical & medicinal occurrences that cause isoimmunization; how antigens and antibodies are involved, and the effectiveness of Rh immunoglobulin will also be considered.
...In a drop of blood the size of a pine head there are about 5 million red blood cells, 10,000 white blood cells and 250,000 platelets. There are many organs that help with circulation. This is the process of how blood circulates through the body. 1. Blood enters the heart on the right side. 2. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. 3. The lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood. 4. The blood takes up oxygen and returns to the left side of the heart. 5. The left ventricle pumps the blood to the bod through the arteries. 6. The blood flows through the small intestine to pick up food water and medicine. 7. The blood flows through the live. This removes wastes and releases stored nutrients. 8. Capillaries deliver food, water, and medicine to the cells. They remove wastes and carbon dioxide. 9. The blood travels to the kidneys. These filter out more wastes and ex
1B. Given your knowledge of osmosis, will this cause the cells in the body to increase or decrease in size?
In this experiment, we determined the isotonic and hemolytic molar concentrations of non-penetrating moles for sheep red blood cells and measured the absorbance levels from each concentration. The results concluded that as the concentration increased the absorbance reading increased as well. A higher absorbance signifies higher amounts of intact RBCs. The isotonic molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.3 M. The hemolysis molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.05 M. Adding red blood cells to an isotonic solution, there will be no isotonic pressure and no net movement. The isotonic solution leaves the red blood cells intact. RBC contain hemoglobin which absorbs light, hemoglobin falls to the bottom of the tube and no light is absorbed. Determining the isotonic concentration of NaCl and glucose by finding the lowest molar concentration. In contrast to isotonic molar concentration, hemolysis can be determined by finding the
π is equal to the osmotic pressure, V is equal to the cell volume and B is the intracellular solids (Hall). Ponder’s R value is the ratio of intracellular solvent volume to the water in its environment; R=(Vi -b)/W. These two equations are related because Ponder’s R value is a measure of how much of an osmometer a cell is while the van’t Hoff relation shows what the osmotic pressure is, both inside and outside the cell. Overall cell membrane permeability can be measured by Ponder’s R value while the osmotic pressure differentials between the external environment and the internal environment are seen with the van’t Hoff relation (Hall). Cells evolved to become great osmometers, but not perfect osmometers, in order to provide a way for solutes to move along permeable membranes. The van’t Hoff relation permits organisms to live in environments of varying osmolarity because regulating solute concentration within a cell can increase or decrease the cell’s affinity for osmosis (Darnell et al). Ponder’s R value, on the other hand, shows how a cell can never become a perfect osmometer. If a cell could become a perfect osmometer, it could cause cell lysis or shrinkage of the cell (Hall). The avoidance of perfect osmometry can be seen within the human erythrocyte as a small portion of cell water will not take part in an osmotic exchange due to tonicity within its
the proper way to count a fluid on a hemacytometer. Recently our lab purchased two new