There are three major methods in extraction of edible oil from plants and fruits. The first major method is by solvent extraction with organic solvent. This method is mostly suitable for plants with low fat content. Since every species of plant consists of different composition, hence the modification of this method is needed based on different plants. Firstly, the traditional and conventional solvent extraction has been widely and commonly used for many plants. However, some studies show this method does not obtain highest productivity in extraction. The procedures for this method are firstly prepared a round bottom flask outfitted with a water condenser on plate heater with magnetic base. The mixture with the ratio of 3:1 solvent to feedstock is brought to desired extraction temperature, and then it is placed into the round bottom flask. The round bottom flask is then placed into preheated oil bath. After the required duration of time, oil from the mixture was extracted by centrifugation. Oil extraction yield was expressed as percentage of total oil in sample divided by total oil in feed (Terigar et al., 2011). The value of total oil is then obtained from Sohxlet extraction method. Sohxlet solvent extraction method has also been used widely for determination oil contain in product. Specific weight of sample was placed in a cellulose thimble. The thimble is then fitted into a distillation flask. The solvent used in this method are hexane or ethanol. The volume of solvent used is highly depending on the sample used in the beginning of the experiment. This extraction undergoes in Sohxlet device for about 10 hours. After the extraction, solvent was expelled in a rotary- evaporator and the extract was dried under nitrogen steam (Teri...
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...ust be maximized to gain high yield. Carbon dioxide is liquefied and pumped into the vessel. The CO2 is compressed to the desired working pressure by using a syringe pump. Then, it is heated to supercritical conditions using a double pipe heat exchanger and reboiler. The temperature is thermostatically maintained and the back-pressure regulator was manually adjusted to remain constant extraction pressure. Extraction is then driven into a separator by decrease in pressure. It is manipulated by second regulator. After the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, the extracted oil is collected for purification. De-ionized water is mixed with the extraction oil. The mixture is then placed is water bath for 30 minutes with ultrasonic vibration and degumming. Lastly, the upper liquid is collected and centrifuge at specific rpm (Ixtaina et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2012).
Tar sands are one of the world’s most controversial resources. They consist of bitumen, a heavy crude oil, and a mixture of sand and clay. Bitumen is an organic matter that is solid at room temperature and when heated it will flow and ooze. Often referred to as oil sands, tar sands are found all over the world. The main locations where these commodities are found are Venezuela and Canada. Alberta, Canada is one of the largest hosts of cretaceous rocks, where oil sands form (Tar Sands Basics, 2012). Alberta’s supply of oil outweighs Iraq and Saudi Arabia’s reserves by a fair amount, “In fact, Alberta 's oil sands deposits contrail 200 billion barrels of which are recoverable with current technology. That is enough oil to supply all of Canada
After the oil/gas mixture is drawn from the ground, it is then stored into a storage tank and allowed to rest for a while. Then the gas is piped off to a set of distillation columns to clean up the ethane. In order to activate the chemical reaction necessary to separate the ethane, a thermal cracking unit (a sort of long heated tube) i.e. a plug flow reactor is used. After a series of distillations, ethylene exits the tube.
Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative because it reduces the amount many toxic substances. Plants such as soybeans require carbon dioxide from the air to produce their stems, roots and leaves. During biodiesel production from soybean oil, carbon dioxide is produced and released in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is considered a green house gas (GHG). However, this cycle of GHG emission does not neccersarily contribute to the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This is because the next soybean crop will reuse the carbon dioxide emitted for its growth. Another important environmental benefit is that biodiesel reduces particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. These benefits occur because biodiesel contains 11% oxygen by weight. Oxygen allows the fuel to burn better, resulting in fewer emissions from unburned fuel. And lastly, biodiesel fuels do not contain any sulfur and does not have an unpleasant smell when it is emitted from vehicles.
The dependency on fossil fuels is a pressing issue for not only America, but the whole world. People everywhere continue to search for solutions to the growing problem by taking steps to create a cleaner environment, reduce the price of fuel consumers pay and most importantly, protect the nation’s security from foreigners. America, being one of the leading consuming nations of fossil fuels, is negatively affecting the environmental, economic and political aspects pertaining to its dependency on non-renewable resources.
finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that
Starting this experiment, we knew that the extraction was going to form varies layers due to the density differences. When placing three different substances, we saw that two layers formed because the Clove Oil is soluble in MTBE, but not in water. In order, to get the organic layer we used separatory funnel to take out the excess substances and leave the oil layer. Then we transferred to a beaker and dried with Magnesium Sulfate. Lastly, we filtered the liquid using funnel; we placed the liquid to boil, let it cool to room temperature. The purpose of drying and evaporation is to help us with the Gas Chromatography analysis of the product.
Eugenol was extracted from cloves through the process called steam distillation. A total of 50ml of distillate were collected with temperature monitoring for every 5.0ml of collected liquid. The distillation curve showed that the temperature of volatilization of eugenol is from 98°C to 99°C which is way below its boiling point at 2540C. Chemically active extraction was conducted in order to remove impurities particularly eugenol acetate and caryophyllene. This involves the addition of several solvents particularly hexane, NaOH, HCl, then hexane again in succession.
Durian is the most well known occasional natural product in Indonesia. Just 1/3 of durian is consumable, though the seeds are discarded. This waste is capability of significant worth included, for example, seed gum. Mayonnaise is o/w emulsion based item utilize egg yolk as an emulsifier, yet in this exploration, durian seed gum (2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, and 4.5%) has been utilized to supplant on egg yolk in making veggie lover mayonnaise. The best plan of veggie lover mayonnaise from 4% durian seed gum was contrasted with business and the control also. This outcome is comparable to mayonnaise with egg yolk, and the business mayonnaise. Past examinations uncovered that the characteristic polymer of gum durian seed had emulsifying action oil in water (o/w). Common gum was a polysaccharide comprising of monosaccharides connected through glycoside bonds. Common gum polymers are normally unpredictable, produced a considerable measure of plants, for example, carrageenan, pectin, CMC, starch, guar gum, and sodium carboxyl. Methyl cellulose was utilized as a gelling operator, thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier. Fluid extraction was a standout amongst the most well-known methods utilized for the extraction of gum. Gum durian seeds can be utilized
It is acquired with or without using heat, without undergoing any additional chemical processing after extraction. According to the standards set by Department of Trade and Industry – Bureau of Product Standards of the Philippines (BPS), 2004 (the world’s largest exporter of coconuts), virgin coconut oil must be colorless, sediment free with natural fresh coconut scent and free from rancid odors or tastes. There are two main processes in producing for Virgin Coconut Oil; Fresh dry and Fresh wet (Canlas et al, 2005). In the dry method, the fresh coconut meat is pressed to acquire the oil. In this, minimal heat is applied to quickly dry the fresh coconut meat after which the oil is pressed out via mechanical means. In the fresh wet method, the oil is extracted from fresh coconut meat without drying (Bautista et al, 2005). Coconut milk is extracted first by pressing, the oil is then further separated from the water. Methods that can be used to separate the oil from water includes, boiling, fermentation and mechanical centrifuge. The traditional fermentation process is the natural separation which needs longer time to break the emulsion of coconut oil and water through gravity (N.A. Nik Norulaini et al, 2009). Gravity is mainly associated with the slow sedimentation process of an immiscible mixture. Sometimes, gravity separation may
NiSource is one of the biggest natural gas distribution companies in the USA. Company is not responsible for the production of natural gas, but rather purchases fossil fuel at the source and transmits supply thru its pipelines to industries and local costumers. Natural gas can be transported to distribution facilities in two ways: underground gas pipelines or shipped by the sea in LNG tankers. In nature during the extraction, natural gas exists as a gas, which needs to be captured by special pipeline system designed for gathering processes. Captured gas contains water and other impurities that have to be removed in production well. In order to be transported, it needs to be cooled and transformed into liquid, which increases transportation efficiency to processing units and improves transportation cost ratio. Regasification is the process when "wet", liquid natural gas is processed and changed to pipeline quality natural gas. Natural gas needs to be turned back to gas in order to be useful for residential and commercial customers. This process needs to be monitored and measured for quality and content of natural gas due to the risk of pipeline rupture and safety. "Natural gas entering the system that is not within certain specific gravities, pressures, Btu content range, or water content level will cause operational problems, pipeline deterioration, or even cause pipeline rupture."1 Natural gas transported to distributors is called "dry" gas due to the physical state.
The rich vegetation from dead plants and animals below the rock in the coastal waters of the Southeastern, United States are a prime target for oil and gas companies to set up camp and drill/mine the Atlantic Ocean. The oil and gas industry would prefer that the public perceive their quest as the only alternative to provide the fuel and energy our country requires to effectively progress and survive per the oil and gas industry. “Oil and natural gas touch our lives in countless ways every day. Together, they supply more than 60 percent of our nation’s energy” (API), but oil and gas are not the only solution to meet these energy demands.
... temperature of 112 0C also and a pressure 2.5 bar. Cooling water is used to condense the vapor exiting column. Remaining methane and hydrogen are separated in reflux drum where the vapor stream is combined with other gases streams. The overhead of first and second separator are combined to form fuel gas. The liquid stream exiting in the bottoms of the reflux drum is pumped at pressure of 3.3 bar for discharging pressure. The pump stream is separated in two streams. One stream is to feed to tray one of the column and the other one stream is cooled down to 38 0C in heat exchanger. Then, the cooled product stream is sent to storage.
In this experiment, lipids from ground nutmeg are extracted using a combination of solvents and identify the lipids through chromatography. The purpose of using solvent combinations is to elute the lipids based on their polarity to binding of the silica gel. The chromatography is performed on a silica gel plate and the use of iodine to visualize the lipids. By calculating the Rf values for each compound and comparing them to the known lipids, we are able to distinguish the lipids within the grounded nutmeg.
It is equipped with HC processing equipment for separation and treatment of crude oil, water and gases, arriving on board from sub-sea oil wells via flexible pipelines.
Biodiesel is a non-petroleum based abettor ammunition which consists of the address alkyl esters of continued alternation blubbery acids acquired from renewable lipid sources. Biodiesel is about produced through the acknowledgment of a vegetable oil or beastly fat with booze in the attendance of a agitator to crop glycerin and biodiesel (chemically alleged methyl esters).