Physicochemical Mechanisms of CALCIUM OXALATE MONOHYDRATE Formation
Kidney stone formation is a complex process results from a succession of several physicochemical stages including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidney (Rose 1982, Coe et al. 1992, Coe, et al., 2005, Worcester, et al., 2008). Fig. (I.2) shown simplified scheme for the formation of kidney stone. ( Alok et al. 2013) Fig.I.2. Shown Simplified Scheme for the Formation of Kidney Stone.
I.3.1. Nucleation and Crystallization
I.3.1.1. Supersaturation
Supersaturation, the fundamental driving force for the change of phase from solution to solid (i.e. when crystallization occurs), is the first and most essential step in the process of stone formation. On the other hand, Supersaturation means that the concentration of the ions that make up the stone forming salt exceed their
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1985, Coe and Favus 1986). However other researchers have reported the contrary, namely that people who have never passed a stone in their life sometimes pass highly saturated urine (Ryall 1993, Hess and Kok 1996, Kavanagh 2006a). Therefore supersaturation of urine is not a pathological problem as long as crystalline particles pass freely through the urinary tract. A pathological scenario arises when crystals are retained and begin to grow (Finlayson and Reid 1978a, Kok and Khan 1994). I.3.1.2. Nucleation
The initial step in the transformation from a liquid to a solid phase in a supersaturated solution is called nucleation. This process begins with the combination of stone salts in solution into loose clusters that may increase in size by addition of new components or clusters (Boskey, 1981). There are two steps to form a crystal from supersaturated solution and these are:- 1- Formation of a nucleus
2- The growth of this nucleus into a
Afterwards, we conducted crystallization to evaporate the liquid in an attempt to detect the presence of a salt. Before stating which of the potential
Many people never find out that they have had stones in their kidneys. Some stones are small enough to flow through the kidney without ever causing any pain. These are called "silent stones"(Ford-Martin & Odle, 2005) Kidney stones cause problems when they get in the way of the normal flow of urine. They can block the flow through the ureter that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. “The kidney is not accustomed to experiencing any pressure. When pressure builds from backed-up urine, it causes hydronephrosis” (Ford-Martin & Odle, 2005). If the kidney is subjected to this pressure for a while, there may be damage to the fragile kidney structures. When the kidney stone is lodged further down the ureter, the backed-up urine may also cause the ureter to swell. Because the ureter is a musc...
Throughout the novel Swallowing Stones, Michael is faced with problem after problem. Each problem that occurs, he must make choice after choice. Michael is faced with a position that he must make the choice that will change the course of his indefinitely. Michael soon finds out the mystery death of Charlie Ward. Soon Michael starts asking himself the question “Could he be Charlie Ward’s Killer?” Michael is sure of it. He is now faced with the ultimate consequences that he must face. He knows that if he turns himself he might be let off easy. But then Joe gets him thinking about how easy it would be to just get away with it. He knows that there is know way that they could ever trace that bullet back to his Grandfathers antique rifle, or could they.
A kidney stone or crystal forms when the urine is supersaturated in regard to a stone forming material, meaning the urine contains a higher concentration of stone material than it can dissolve. There are several factors that can contribute to supersaturation, such as urine volume, pH, and the amount of solute excretion (Worcester and Coe 2009). There are numerous types of stones that can form depending on what material in the urine is in excess. The most common types of stones are calcium kidney stones with calcium oxalate (CaOx) causing 80% of all calcium stones and calcium phosphate (CaP) causing 15% of calcium stones (Sakhaee et al. 2012). Calcium oxalate stones are usually found in patients as white deposits on their papillae, or Randall’s plaques. The stone begins as a deposit of calciu...
Urinary Tract Infection, also known as UTI, occurs in two common locations, the bladder and kidneys. The kidneys are important organs that aid in filtering out waste products from blood and maintaining water distribution throughout the body. The waste products are filtered out via bladder, which is the reason of the bladder being the second site for the infection. A normal human being has two kidneys, one on left and right side, a bean shaped organ, and is located at the back of the abdomen. “Each kidney is about 11.5 cm long, 5-7.5 cm broad, 5 cm thick, and weight about 150 grams” (HealthInfoNet, Paragraph 2). Furthermore, a bacterium named Escherichia coli lives in both the kidneys and the GI tract. E. coli is part of the human body and produces
Dialysis is used when a person’s kidneys have lost 85-95% of their functioning ability. Over 100,000 people in the US are staying alive due to kidney dialysis. Kidney dialysis is also called renal dialysis. There are two types of kidney dialysis: peritoneal and hemodialysis. Both types of dialysis remove waste, salt and extra water, which builds up in the body. Dialysis not only cleanses impurities out of the blood, it also maintains blood pressure and makes sure to keep healthy levels of sodium, bicarbonate and potassium in the body. (Lewin, 2010)
In this text we will discuss and explore chronic kidney disease by providing a definition, describing the disease, discussing the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Pakistan and England and incidence of chronic kidney disease in Australia. Further on we will discuss how to prevent this disease and who can help us in order to improve our health condition.
In Swallowing Stones, the Fourth of July is a magical holiday all over our country, and a lot of people love to shoot off their guns to celebrate. Michael Mackenzie shoots off his new rifle into the air thinking nothing of it; Suddenly, four blocks away, Charlie Ward looks down at his daughter then collapses. However, In The Wave, Gordon High School has a teacher who takes his authority way too far in an experiment with his students that turns the whole school. This now gives Laurie Saunders a choice, stay true to herself, or do what everyone else is doing. However, The Wave doesn’t happen everyday, accidental shootings do. High school is a very tricky time, and students have so much to learn, especially about life. Also, they do not know enough
likely to pass on their own as they get larger. If the kidney stone is larger than
People spend hours going to dialysis, doctor offices, and making sure all medications are took. “Coping with kidney failure is not just about managing the physical symptoms with treatment. It’s a major life change that can cause a great deal of stress and can give rise to a range of emotional reactions.” Different people react in various ways. Theres a pattern to the way that most people react. Some examples of emotional reactions are depression, stress, anxiety, and sexual problems. People may feel miserable because they are having difficulty coming to terms with some of the changes their conditions are striking against them. All human beings find change stressful. As a person with kidney failure they will have to handle more change than most people. It’s not just the change of their lifestyle, but the ongoing change dealing with adjustments of their diets, medications, and forms of treatment. There are plenty of ways kidney failures people can deal with stress such as, talking to someone who understands, doing fun activities, relaxing, or even taking short breaks. “Specific anxieties that renal patients may have are worries about how the illness will affect their relationship, their ability to work, their quality of life, and about understanding their conditions or managing their treatment.” Reasons for sexual problems include hormonal problems, medication, tiredness, emotional factors, and relationship difficulties.When on dialysis you will need to choose foods that give you the right amount of protein, calories, and minerals. When eating that it will help you stay healthy and fit and it also help your kidney disease from getting worse. There are five stages of kidney disease; their doctor determines thei...
The solvent should be easily removed from the purified product, not react with the target substances, and should only dissolve the target substance near it’s boiling point, but none at freezing. A successful recrystallization uses minimum amount of solvent, and cools the solution slowly, if done to fast, many impurities will be left in the crystals. Using the correct solvent, in this case ice water and ethyl acetate, the impurities in the compound can be dissolved to obtain just the pure compound. A mixed solvent was used to control the solubility of the product. The product is soluble in ethanol an insoluble in water. Adding water reduced solubility and saturates the solution and then the crystals
The kidneys are responsible for several necessary functions, which include maintain proper blood pressure levels, filtering toxins and wastes from the bloodstream, excreting the waste through urine, contribute to the production of red blood cells and producing a variety of essential enzymes and hormones. Approximately 30 percent of cats develop kidney disease during their lifetime; many of these cases will progress to kidney failure. When the kidneys fail to perform properly, the cat 's life is at risk.
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
...people who eat a lot of protein and people who get kidney stones. Another link between peoples diets and kidney stones is salt. Eating too much salt increases the amount of calcium in our urine which in turn makes the risk of a kidney stone develop increase. Not only is it what we eat but also the amount that we eat. If we eat our portions in moderation and eat the right things, we will have less of a chance of developing kidney stones.