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In the mid 1970's and early 1980's, the field of clinical psychology underwent a revolution with the emergence of family therapy. Therapists initially understood disorders as being the result of a linear chain of causality. For instance, one theory of schizophrenia held that the disorder resulted from exposure to a certain pattern of behavior on the part of the patient's mother. Mothers of schizophrenics were often found to be particularly cold, unresponsive, dominant, and conflict-inducing towards their children. Researchers argued that such "schizophrenogenic" behavior was the direct cause of the disorder. Successful treatment, then, required the patient and mother to examine their relationship and seek out better, more positive methods of interaction.
Family therapists, however, then began to realize that the etiology of the disorder was far more complex than simply the mother inducing the disorder within the child. The schizophrenic and the mother were enmeshed within a complex system of interactions both within, as well as outside, the family. Thus, the schizophrenic was affected by both his mother and father, the schizophrenic himself had an impact on his parents, the father and mother affected each other through their marital relationship, and social and cultural norms had an overall impact on all members of the family. Family systems researchers realized that these various relationships were constantly changing, and that each one had a significant effect on the others. Problems within the family were now understood in terms of circular causality rather than linear. For instance, it might very well be true that the schizophrenic's mother is cold, conflict-inducing, and unresponsive towards him. It is also true, however, that the schizophrenic manifests very bizarre behavior, such as hearing voices, acting on paranoid impulses, hallucinating, and displaying inappropriate (or flat) emotional responses. These behaviors would certainly affect the mother, as she would be stressed and deeply concerned for her child's well being. The mother might also be affected by a strained marital relationship with her husband, which itself might be negatively impacted by the child's schizophrenic behavior. Finally, the family might be negatively affected by the society in which they live, as their neighbors or colleagues might view them as outcasts and purposely isolate them because of their child's inappropriate behavior. Ultimately, this series of negative interactions may result in a feedback loop, in which maladaptive behavior is amplified and the child's schizophrenic behavior worsens.
... client and parent. Knowing the symptoms of schizophrenia will enable the family to identify triggers.
... middle of paper ... ... It is quite possible within the realm of psychological theory that the stress of childbirth, coupled with post-partum depression and the mental strain of having to repress her emotions, triggered the schizophrenia.
...es that have a direct correlation to the maladaptive behaviors the family members and family system is exhibiting.
Structural therapy focuses on the family as a whole. It is concerned about how the issues effect the family relationships and connections. This theory concentrates on how well the understanding is amongst the family members and counselor. The members of the family are prompted to understand how the issues were created, where did the issues come from, when the issues started effecting their family, and what the family needs to overcome their issues. Its focus is to help others understand and improve negative behavior. The structural therapy concentrates on the interaction and boundaries of families with separating the whole family into smaller groups. The subsystems will create a clearer understanding of what issues are hurting their family environment (Gladding, S. T. 2010). The counselor is concerned about the members interaction because this reveals how strong the relationships and connections are in the home. The boundaries are important because they create an understanding that there are limits and order, and the boundaries can be diffused, rigid, or clear (Gladding, S. T. 2010). The counselor is expected to identify techniques so members can understand which boundaries are clear, positive, and healthy (Gladding, S. T. 2010).
As a Psychiatrist and Psychiatry professor at Georgetown University, Bowen recognized that our family system is what molds us into who we are as well as having the thought process and values passed down from generation to generation. Beginning with studying Schizophrenia and the extreme emotional relationship between the mother and child, Bowen discovered that the unhealthy attachment between the mother and child actually drove the whole family. In his studies Bowen discovered that the family members suffered in response to the unhealthy behavior patterns of the child suffering with Schizophrenia. Bowen then went on to study dyads and triads of family systems and later explained his concept
The poems ‘Do not go gentle into that good night’ by Dylan Thomas and ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ by Emily Dickinson, give two distinct interpretations of the theme of death and mortality. Thomas laments to his dying father, grieving the inevitability of death while also stressing that death should be fought against rather than quietly accepted, using diction and imagery to build up an intense, persuasive tone. In contrast, Dickinson expresses a peaceful acceptance of death and portrays it as a passage to eternal life, using diction, imagery and personification to create a calm, serene tone.
“Individuals are best understood through assessing the interactions of the entire family.” (Corey, M. S. & Corey, G., 2011). Family systems therapy is based on a theory by Murray Bowen (goodtherapy.org). There are many forms of family therapy based on the family systems theory. One was designed by Bowen himself, and this is called intergenerational family therapy. This therapy is designed on identifying
Dr. Murray Bowen is known as the father of family therapy (H. Goldenberg & L. Goldenberg, 2013). Dr. Bowen began his career within the medical community before making the switch to psychiatry (Winek, 2010). Five years of military services influenced Dr. Bowen’s decision to change from work in surgery to psychiatry (Baege, 2006; Winek, 2010). Psychoanalytical theory was the guiding force for Dr. Bowen’s approach to therapy (Winek, 2010). Developed from observing family relationship patterns of those with schizophrenia (Baege, 2006; Winek, 2010). While Bowen was a researcher for the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), he began to develop the family systems approach to therapy (Baege, 2006; Winek, 2010). Bowen’s groundbreaking family systems approach was the first-generation of family therapy (Bowen, 1976). Bowen (1976) described family systems theory as a profound change whose foundation was built on the concept of family being emotional system rather than the original theories that evaluated human
One of the most recent and secure ways to protect information is through the use of biometrics: which compares a user’s biometric data against the data stored in the system.5 The biometric system is designed to use the following four modules:
Biometric verification refers to an automatic verification of a person based on some specific biometric features derived from his/her physiological and/or behavioral characteristics. A palm print refers to an image acquired of the palm region of the hand. The biometric use of palm prints uses ridge patterns to identify an individual. It is rich in its features: principal lines, wrinkles, ridges, singular points and minutiae points.[1]
As social workers, we will not have the luxury of getting to know our clients on a “lay down on this couch and tell me about your mother” level that Freud explored with the use of psychodynamic theory. We will have much more use for the cognitive approach of Jean Piaget as we attempt to help our clients deal with what is happening right now, as opposed to what happened to someone in their youth. It is possible, with the changes our culture has experienced with regard to the family structure, that Freudian theory would need to be re-evaluated to include stepmothers, grandmothers, and big or little sisters that may fill the role of mother in contemporary society. Freudians may also need to rethink psycho-sexual stages to incorporate
When the need of family therapy emerged in the late forties, the name of Ackerman came along with the introduction, for the first time, of the foundational approach and the use of a psychoanalytic therapy in a group setting. Today, Ackerman is known for being one of the pioneers of family therapy. Although he started as a psychoanalytic therapist, he saw early in his career, a link between the psychosocial development of individuals and the development of families as a whole unit. As a result, he started applying the classical psychoanalytic theory to a family setting (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013). Ackerman strongly believed that families should be considered as communities within bigger ones. Therefore, he focused his energy on trying to understand how the dynamic of the family as far as its members’ personalities and emotions can impact the familial unit, as a whole. In the forties, Ackerman started to officially see entire families during therapy sessions (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013). According to Ackerman (1967), “family diagnosis and treatment began with the need to join (or rejoin) child with mother, child with father, mother with father, and beyond that, the need to better understand the interaction of family pairs within the family as a living whole.” The need to connect people to each other was what started Ackerman to search more about people’s individual goals and desires.
Structural family therapy was developed by Salvador Minuchin (1974). “The central idea was that an individual’s symptoms are best understood from the vantage point of interactional patterns, or sequences, within a family” (Corey, p. 408). In order for an individual’s symptoms to be reduced or eliminated, structural changes must occur in the family (Corey). The goals of structural family therapy are to reduce symptoms of dysfunction and to establish appropriate boundaries so that structural change can occur.
When you think of death, what immediately comes to mind? Do you fear it and think of it as a horrifying dreadful ending event? Or, do you think of it as a peaceful harmonious ending event that is a start to a new beginning? I chose two poems with the subject of death and a similar message; one poem is written by John Donne and the other is written by Emily Dickinson. The message is that death is not the end, but it actually a new beginning toward “eternity.” Donne’s poem “Death, be not proud” and Dickinson’s poem “Because I could not stop for Death” will be thoroughly analyzed by taking note of the similarities and differences with the way Death is portrayed and how poem is written.
In conclusion, Biometrics is an extremely fascinating field. A field that is characterized by its highly technical ability of securing, recording and accessing systems and installations. It is even the prime choice for places that hold extremely sensitive information such as the FBI and various hospitals. It has even reached the general populace as a medium to use to access personal information and places. It is truly the wave of the future in the world of security technology.