Liver Function Test:
The health of liver determined by measuring the levels of proteins , liver enzyme or bilirubin in blood is referred to as the Liver Function test .LFTs is oftenly done in following situations including to screen the liver functions such as hepatitis etc , to identify the side effects of certain medications known to affecr the liver , to measure the degree of scarring on liver ,to diagnose lsome liver disease and others.LFTs include many of the tests but sometimes they don’t measure the overall function of liver .Most commonly used tests are alanine transaminase (ALT) , aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , albumin , bilirubin tests and others may also includes
ALT Test : (SGPT)
Alanine aminotransferase is present in many
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ALT / AST ratio has more clinical utility than assessing individual elevated levels . It is measured for the diagnosis of liver damage properly. If there is damage in liver its levels are increased in bloodstream.
Standard values for ALT ranges from
Female : 6-34 IU/L Male : 8-40 IU/L
ALP Test :
It is an enzyme found in bones , bile ducts and liver . Higher ALP levels may indicate liver damage , blockage of bile duct or some bone disease. There are some of the emergency situations in which ALP levels are increased upto a high level but it doesn’t mean that one have some liver disease . This situation includes children and adolescents (bcz bones are growing ) and during pregnancy it may also increase from normal to a higher level. Increased level of Alkaline phosphate indicate blockage of bile ducts.
Standard values of ALP ranges from 30-120 IU/L
Albumin Test :
Albumin is a protein made by liver and forms many bodily functions including transport of many hormones , vitamins and other substances and stops fluid leaking from blood vessels and that’s why nourishes the tissues. It indicates the normal functioning of
A complete blood count was done for this patient upon admission in order to give a baseline to help guide his care. The blood count was also done to show how his hematological system was affected by the trauma that he suffered in the motor vehicle accident he was in. If the patient was hemodynamically unstable, he may have needed blood transfusions to bring his blood counts up. White blood cells could help to tell is the patient has an infection in his surgical wound. The patient also underwent surgery to correct the injury to his spine, causing more blood to be lost in the process. The platelet, hemoglobin, and hematocrit counts could help to show in the future if the patient is suffering from internal bleeding after the surgery he had.
Characterized by progressive tissue injury and scarring, cirrhosis is among the leading causes of chronic liver failure in the United States. Recent research conducted by the National Institutes of Health indicated that the prevalence of cirrhosis, especially in clients diagnosed with Hepatitis C, has increased steadily throughout the past decade and will likely continue to increase in the future (Kanwal et al., 2011). Caused by recurrent tissue damage and inflammation, cirrhosis occurs as healthy hepatocytes (liver cells) are replaced by fibrotic and non-functional scar tissue through natural healing processes. Although liver tissue is normally very resilient, sustained injury eventually outpaces restorative capacity and a majority of functional tissue is replaced with collagenous tissue and liver failure occurs. In the United States, cirrhosis is most commonly caused by Hepatitis C, alcoholism, fatty liver disease, and biliary obstruction (Kanwal et al., 2011). Due to the increase in prevalence and the seriousness of the condition, cirrhosis represents a significant healthcare issue. The treatment and care of clients diagnosed with cirrhosis is complex. The following information addresses several of the major aspects of nursing care associated with the treatment of clients diagnosed with cirrhosis. Additionally, current studies regarding the treatment of cirrhosis will be evaluated in an effort to assess their readiness to be incorporated into current evidenced-based nursing practice.
The Hepatitis A Virus affects many different systems within the body. The first being the digestive system and the gastrointestinal system because Hepatitis A causes an acute liver infection. The liver’s job is to process nutrients, filter the blood and toxin from your body, and fight infections. It produces important blood components, proteins, and bile which helps you digest food. The liver also stores glucose and vitamins. The Hepatitis A Virus causes inflammation that interrupts the liver’s ability to perform these vital functions. Having a healthy liver is crucial to your health because it supports many other body systems. For example, one function of the liver is to produce bile which is needed to break down fats. The body stores bile in the gallbladder and then sends it to the beginning section of the small intestine. Bile is then combined with other digestive
Diagnostic exams that are used to confirm ARF would be Urine output measurements, urine tests, blood tests, imaging test and lastly removing a sample of kidney tissue. (Mayo Clinic , 2012). The amount of urine excreted in a day can help your doctor find the cause of kidney failure. Diagnosis testing for prerenal and intrarenal failure would be Urinalysis and various blood tests, which reveal abnormalities such as BUN, serum electrolyte, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and albumin levels. ( Mayo clinic, 2012). CT scan and/or an ultra sound can be used to view the kidneys and a biopsy is a definitive way to determine if the patient has postrenal failure. Some manifestations of acute renal Failure are asthenia which is the lack or loss of strength, Azotemia most commonly found in prerenal patients due to the high l...
...th. The test can be to check your blood glucose levels, cholesterol, triglycerides, lactic, and uric acid. And to check if your growing and checking for enlargements of the liver.
Liver disease resulting from alcohol affects more than two million Americans and is one of the primary causes of illness and death. The liver frees the body of harmful substances, such as alcohol. While the liver breaks down alcohol, it produces toxins that can be even more dangerous than the alcohol consumed (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). “These by-products damage liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defenses. Eventually, these problems can disrupt the body’s metabolism and impair the function of other organs” (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). A condition called steatosis is the result of fat build up in the liver and is the earliest stage of alcoholic liver disease. This condition causes the liver difficulty breaking down alcohol, potentially resulting in alcoholic hepatitis. Fibrosis of the liver, which is also related to heavy drinking, causes scar tissue to build up in the liver. The alcohol alters chemicals that the liver needs to break down this scar tissue, causing liver dysfunctions. If one does not refrain from drinking during the condition of fibrosis, the scar tissue can build up and create another condition, called cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is deterioration of the liver resulting from heavy scarring, causing the liver to not be able to function properly. If cirrhosis becomes severe, a liver transplant may be the only solution (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 14). It is difficult to calculate when a person would develop cirrhosis, because an alcoholic could never develop the disease, but someone who social drinks could. It is also unknown why cirrhosis is more prevalent in women (...
...his is also part of a series called pharmacodynamics. This includes both the positive and negative changes brought on by a drug. This study is important because when a drug is administered it must reach the target in the organism before it is excreted or altered by the detoxifying enzymes in the body. Most of these enzymes are located in the liver. Results from these tests have allowed for synthesis of new drugs with better chemistries, distributions, and toxicity profiles.
What is hepatic cirrhosis? According to the medical dictionary hepatic cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces the liver’s healthy tissue. This disease changes the structure of the liver and blood vessels that nurture it. It reduces the liver’s capability to produce proteins and process hormones, nutrients, medications, and poisons. Cirrhosis is an illness that gets worse over time and possibly can become life threatening. This serious illness is ranked as the ninth leading cause of death in the U.S. It is the third most common cause of death for adults between 45 and 65 years of age. It occurs in more than fifty percent of undernourished chronic alcoholics. Unfortunately it kills about 35,000 people per year. In other country’s such as Africa and Asia death from cirrhosis is usually caused by hepatitis B.
...ystems action leading to coma and death. Alkalosis is when the bloods pH increases to become more alkaline, it results in over excitement of the nervous system leading to convulsions. There are key pH changers that can occur; vomiting can lead to alkalosis, diarrhea can lead to acidosis. Kidney disfunction could happen either way, if the kidneys get messed up then blood pH can be all over the place.
The liver plays central role in each of these phases of clotting process, as it synthesizes the majority of coagulation factors and proteins involved in fibrinolysis as well as thrombopoietin., which is responsible for platelet production from megakaryocytes. In cirrhosis, liver is badly get damaged. So the production of coagulation factors and proteins is impaired. Many pathological processes associated with cirrhosis, such as portal hypertension and endothelial dysfunction as well as co-morbid conditions, may also alter the coagulation process. Consequently, patients with liver disease as in cirrhosis, have a disturbed balance of procoagulant and anti- coagulant factors which deviates from the normal coagulation cascade.
As mentioned above; Hypoalbuminaemia is a predominantly events that occur due to losses of protein urinary. In response to this, hepatic albumin synthesis increased but they are still insufficient to prevent the fall in the serum albumin concentration. Proteinuria, Nephrotic range proteinuria is almost invariably due to glomerular disease.
= Before conducting the experiment I would conduct a simple test for the protein by placing a sample of the albumen into a test tube and add biurett reagent. This contains copper (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or simply NAFLD, describes a condition where excess fat accumulates in the liver of people who consume little or no alcohol at all. Although some amount of fat may accumulate in the liver of a normal individual, having fat that takes up to five to ten percent of your liver weight can cause fatty liver disease, which may lead to serious health problems.
...ed that the liver was able to detoxify sulfate properly. The last inorganic constituent tested was calcium, which was done by adding equal amounts of urine and Sulkowitch’s reagent. A large amount of white precipitate was form due to the dietary consumption of the subject which can be that milk was consumed daily. Finally, the last tested was the abnormal constituents of urine. When testing for glucose the results were negative because the reagent was not reduced meaning that it did not turned greenish or red-brown color. The presence of glucose indicates diabetes mellitus which is a metabolic disorder that is caused by the usage of defective carbohydrate. Then when testing for albumin and globulin the results showed that a large amount of protein was present, which means that the subject had an abnormal leakiness or severe damage of the glomerular membrane or both.
Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasis and control of all the metabolic functions which can indirectly cause other problems to the body.... ... middle of paper ... ...