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The mammalian dive response
The mammalian dive response
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On a cold September day of 2010, in Colorado, one of the coldest places in the U.S, 2 year old Gore Ottsen had fallen into icy cold water during a family trip to the Rocky Mountains. While his Mother was bathing his two baby siblings, Gore had slipped out through the back door. When his Mother had frantically realized he was no where in her sight, she immediately assembled a family search party to locate him. After 20 minutes passed by, Gore's Uncle Dave spotted Gore's body trapped under a log in a strong current irrigation ditch 350ft from the cabin. He was rushed to the closest hospital, where the doctor tried to resuscitate the child, but after being submerged for 25 minutes under water, the Ottsen family was told Gore had less than 1 percent change of surviving. The toddlers heart had stopped beating leaving the family devastated. However after almost an hour of having a non-beating heart, …show more content…
However I assure you it is 100% true, and it is not the first case. These experiences showcase the amazing ability of the humans body and how it can unconsciously protect us.
The reason baby Gore Ottsen survived is due to a evolutionary reflex called the mammalian diving reflex. This reflex is found in mammals such as dolphins and whales who cannot breathe underwater. These animals must come up to the surface to breathe and then carry their air with them as they swim. For example, sperm whales are able to dive deeper than 1000 meters and store up to 3000 liters of air before a dive. How can a mammal stay underwater for so long? Similar to baby Gore Ottsen, the mammalian diving reflex allowing them to stay submerged for extended periods of time.
The reflex is triggered by a physiological reaction to wet apnea, so submersion is necessary for this reaction to occur and cannot merely happen while holding you're breath. When a mammal is submerged, 2 things happen: vasoconstriction and heart rate
Oxygen breathing lungs are a universal trait of class reptilia. As such, it would have been necessary for the Plesiosauroid - a marine reptile, to return to the ocean surface to inhale air. Oxygen expenditure in reptiles is proportional to strenuosity of locomotion (Frappell, Schultz & Christian, 2002). Therefore the Plesiosauroid must have held physiological traits that enabled the species to avoid oxygen deficit while hunting deep-sea dwelling prey. This essay will outline the hypothesised respiratory, circulatory, pulmonary and sensory attributes of the Plesiosauroid as they relate to diving. These hypotheses will be supported by investigating the physiological adaptations of the Plesiosaur’s biological analogues, and the prospect of similar adaptations in the former will be speculated upon.
The researchers sent soldiers to retrieve the prisoners. They were shocked to see that one prisoner had ripped his own flesh off and killed him self soaked in a pool of blood.
In the town, of West Memphis, Arkansas, three eight year old boys (Chris Byers, Michael Moore, and Stevie Branch) went missing May fourth, the following day they were found bruised, mutilated, hogtied, and stripped of their clothes with signs of rape present due to the dilation of the anus. The body of Byers was found submerged in the creek about 60 yards south of Interstate 55(Crime scene or dump site?). The other two bodies was located exactly five feet in both directions of Byers body. (It was determined that Moore and Branch both died from multiple traumatic injuries to the head, torso, and extremities with drowning; while, Byers died of the multiple traumatic i...
Marine mammals are able to suffer from decompression sickness, which is a condition that occurs when sudden decompression causes nitrogen bubbles to form in the blood and tissues of the body. The lifestyles of marine mammals makes them susceptible to this condition, however, they have adapted to overcome this obstacle. Many marine mammals are capable of storing gas in their trachea during dives. The trachea is reinforced by cartilage, which supports its structure during dives where the lungs collapse under pressure. This prevents the gas from being forced into the bloodstream, also preventing nitrogen from entering the blood. Increased myoglobin concentrations, increased blood volume, and decreased lung size relative to body size are also adaptations seen in diving mammals (Hooker et al., 2011).
If you were living under a rock in the 90's you may have never heard of Freaknik. Freaknik was an annual spring break meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, primarily of students from historically black colleges and universities. The festival attracted thousands of people and became one of the most talked about events of EVERY year. However after complaints from city leaders and officials Freaknik was banned in Atlanta....which is why we're bringing it to JAMAICA! Come see what all the fuss is about! Be a voyeur OR a participant! It's really up to
This reflex is also present in humans, although not to the same intense degree as seen in cold water native mammals, and not for the same reasons. Only in recent years have this reflex and the benefits it can provide in the survival of cold water drowning been observed and researched in humans. The focus of this paper is three-fold: first to explain the physiological process that is the mammalian diving reflex and how it is triggered; next the role the mammalian diving reflex plays in the survival of potential cold-water downers; thirdly, how doctors are using this reflex in the practice of modern medicine.
“August 2000, our family of six was on the way to a wedding. It was a rainy day, and Gregg was not familiar with the area. The car hit standing water in the high-way, and started hydro-planing. Greg lost control of the car. Then, the car went backwards down into a ditch and started sliding on its wheels sideways. After sliding for 100 feet or so, the car flipped, at least once. After flipping, the car came to rest on its wheels, and the passenger window broke out.
After the subjects submerged their faces into 15 and 5 degree water, their heart rates decreased. When the resting heart rate was recorded, it showed a regular heart rate. As shown on the graph, once the subject held their breath, the heart rate increased. It is expected for the heart rate to decrease during apnea because less oxygen is being used meaning your heart is doing less work. Once you breathe again, the heart rate will increase due to homeostasis.
about a mans body found in 1991 in the Italian alps by Erika and Helmet Simon. These two very experienced climbers discovered a frozen Iceman wearing very little and strange clothing. The man had lain there for thousands of years and once Sykes and other scientist from Oxford analyzed his DNA, they found ...
It is 2030, and President Salvador Del Salvador was gunned down outside of the San Salvador Cathedral in the capitol of El Salvador, San Salvador. Why I chose to write "Salvador" five times in the previous sentence? I have no idea. President Salvador was an atheist, yet he attended church every Sunday morning, religiously. Maybe the crowd of beautiful women that attended mass drove President Salvador to his frequent church visits. Hated throughout the country, President Salvador wore a Groucho Fuzzy Nose and Glasses to disguise himself during his weekly church visits. However, his disguise did not fool Ramiro "El Payaso" Lopez, a Mara Salvatrucha member. President Salvador had lost $20 to Ramiro in a craps game, and never paid-up. He was
There are two distinct groups of divers: shallow divers and deep divers (Costa, 2007). The majority of diving vertebrates make shallow, short dives. Sea snakes and crocodiles dive in near shore and only submerge at depths less than ten meters deep (Costa, 2007). Deep divers generally are underwater for extended periods of time (Costa, 2007). Emperor penguins dive at depths between 400 and 500 meters for 4 to 5 minutes to catch prey (Costa, 2007). Elephant seals are another group of animals that dive and travel long distances for periods lasting two to eight months (Costa, 2007). Elephant seals spend approximately 90% of their time at sea submerged, averaging 20 minutes per dive and they spend less than 3 minutes at the surface between dives (Costa, 2007). They feed at depths between 300 and 600 meters and occasionally dive down deeper than 1600 meters (Costa, 2007). Despite the vast differences between all of these animals, they all have evolved mechanisms that function similarly to overcome the physiological strains of diving. The two main diving strains are water pressure that occurs when an animal dives further under water and breath holding (Costa, 2007). These two things effect the mechanical functions of animals, and animals
Let’s just say it: The Socialist Left cares more about gun confiscation than commonsense ideas that will really protect kids.
“Sapphire! Get down here this instant! The news is on!” Ms. Simmerdale called to her daughter, interrupting Sapphire’s peaceful reading. “Coming mom!” she shouted loudly from her upstairs bedroom before putting her book down, and trudging downstairs.
Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump: Truth Exposed. It’s no secret that the 2016 presidential candidates are, to say the very least, controversial, and the seemingly “election-obsessed” media certainly doesn’t seem to be helping the matter. In a society where hundreds of conflicting sources can be summoned in an instant, many are finding it increasingly difficult to discern fact from fiction. So, in an effort to reduce American fallacy, we have researched Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton and completed the task for you. Listed below are several of the most common Clinton and Trump rumors and the truth (or lack thereof) behind them.
In news stories the world over there are cases of pets and occasionally humans that have fallen into icy lakes and been submerged for up to and over an hour. Often the human or pet will perish due to the cold temperature of the water but in some cases are pulled free and are resuscitated; surviving their ordeal and being effectively ‘restored’ from what is considered by normal standards certain death. The idea that conscious beings could survive such trauma is that the icy water lowers body temperature and places it into a state of suspended animation, slowing metabolism and brain function to levels where they require very little or no oxygen at all.