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Gestational diabetes mellitus research paper
Gestational diabetes mellitus research paper
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Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, is a yellowish coloring of the baby’s skin and in the whites of the eyes. This occurs because the baby’s liver may not be sufficiently mature. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia occurs in approximately 25% of infants of diabetic mothers, a rate approximately double that for normal infants, with prematurity and polycythemia being the primary contributing factors (43.) Baby’s with jaundice will be monitored closely until resolved to avoid morbidity of kernicterus, seizures, or neurologic damage.
Infants of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity along with type 2 diabetes later in life. Evidence pointed toward an increase in adolescent and adult obesity among infants born LGA or macrosomic, particularly to women who had diabetes or were obese (44.) Between 50% and 90% of adolescents with T2DM have a BMI greater than 27, and 25% of obese children between 4 and
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GDM usually disappears after the baby is born due to the placenta being removed, the hormones it was producing, which caused the insulin resistance, are also removed. If the blood sugar does not return to normal, it may indicate that the patient may have had diabetes before pregnancy.
Women should have their blood sugars checked at least once per year and also try to maintain a healthy lifestyle to lessen chances of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. It is important to remember to check blood sugar before patients become pregnant again. Women who have diabetes before pregnancy have an increased risk for pregnancy complications. Elevated maternal blood sugar during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, when major organs are developing, increases risks to the fetus. By normalizing blood sugar before becoming pregnant, women can help improve changes of having a healthy baby.
4: Evers IM, De Valk HW, Visser GHA (2004) Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes: Nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. British Medical Journal 328, 915-917.
According WebMD 2014. Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. It is a hormonal disorder of the pancreas either decrease in insulin level also known as hypoinsulinism or increase in insulin level also known as hyperinsulinism. Lowered amounts, insufficient of, or ineffective use of insulin leads to the disorder of diabetes mellitus. It is common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. According to Peakman (2012). The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic and an autoimmune process that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. There is usually a pre-diabetic phase where autoimmunity has already developed but with no clinically apparent insulin dependency. Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in genetically predisposed individuals as early as 6-12 months of age. In persons genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection the leads to production of autoantibodies that kill the beta cells and results in decline and a lack of insulin secretion. According to Wherrett. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and has a gradual onset. Those with type 2 diabetes may eventually need insulin treatment. Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously diagnosed with diabetes, this may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin intolerance. Complications in diabetes mellitus includes: Hypoglycemia it is ca...
Rao, Goutham. "Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus". Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.( 2005): 473-480. Print.
One of the most crucial health problems affecting the people of Kern County is diabetes. The risk factors include: being over the age of 45 years old, having high blood pressure, having pre-diabetes, coming from an ethnic minority or low income household, smoking, being overweight or obese, physical inactivity, and eating less than five fruits and vegetables a day. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition where people identify themselves with irregular quantities of blood glucose, which can be a cause from deficiencies in the making of insulin. There are two types of diabetes that people are diagnosed with. The first one is known as Type 1 diabetes, which has to do with influences in your genetics, and Type 2 diabetes, which is brought on by choices in your daily routine. Gestational diabetes occurs while you are pregnant, and if it is not monitored well pregnant women can develop Type 2 diabetes within 5-10 years (Diabetes in C...
Most women with gestational diabetes return to normal glucose tolerance postpartum, however, they are at increased risk of developing gestational diabetes in any additional pregnancies and for getting type 2 diabetes later in life. Lifestyle modifications aimed at reducing or preventing weight gain and increasing physical activity after pregnancy is recommended and can reduce the risk of subsequent diabetes.
The links between obesity and diabetes are well recognized worldwide as obesity continues to be a significant public health burden especially among children and adolescents in the United States. Research says that almost one-third of children and adolescents are classified as overweight or obese. The potential roles of the vicious cycle are seen in the context of current trends in obesity and Type 2
Treatment of IVH is primarily aimed at prevention. Factors that predispose an infant to IVH should be prevented. These include: acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, rapid fluid shifts, administration of hyperosmolar solutions, and hypotension followed by rapid volume expansion. Vitamin E, maternal vitamin K, pancuronium, ibuprofen, phenobarbital, ethamylate, magnesium sulfate, indomethacin, surfactant, and antenatal betamethasone have had varying levels of success in the prevention of
Maternal & Child Health Journal, 8(3), 107-110. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=14089739&site=ehost-live.
Umberto de Vonderweid, Marialisa Leonessa, Family centered neonatal care, Early Human Development, Volume 85, Issue 10, Supplement 1, Proceedings and selected abstracts from 1st International Conference on Clinical Neonatology Torino, Italy, November 2009, October 2009, Pages S37-S38, ISSN 0378-3782, DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.009.
Hull, K., Montgomery K. S., Vireday P., & Kendall-Tackett K. (2011 fall). Maternal Obesity From All Sides. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 20(4).
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the pregnancy causes the body to be less sensitive to insulin. Insulin has the job of opening up the cells so that the glucose can get inside regulating the amount of glucose in the blood while glucose is the amount of sugar in the blood stream. In pregnancy, the body needs to make three times more insulin for control of the blood sugar. GDM is usually found within the second trimester of a pregnancy and increases until the end of the pregnancy. Usually within a few hours of delivery the condition resolves itself (American Diabetes Association, 2010).
Diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body is unable to produce any- or enough- insulin which causes high glucose levels in return. There are 3 different types of diabetes that people are most familiar with. Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune disease where that person would need insulin from the second they’re diagnosed. Type 2 diabetes, which may take months or even years for a person to require insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the affected person is usually older and overweight. The third type that people are most familiar with is Gestational diabetes. GD occurs during pregnancy. Around 28 weeks gestation, the pregnant woman is instructed to go for a one hour glucose test to check for diabetes. Usually after the pregnancy, the diabetes goes away- although there are some cases where it doesn’t.
but can occur at any age. It accounts for about 5 percent of diagnosed diabetes in the United States. Type 2 diabetes, formerly called noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, usually begins as insulin resistance-metabolic syndrome, a disorder in which the body's cells do not use insulin properly. Being overweight and inactive increases the chances of developing type 2 diabetes. This form of diabetes usually develops in adults older than 40, however, type 2 diabetes increasingly occurs in children and adolescents. About 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a form of glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. It occurs more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans and American Indians and is also more common among obese women and women with a family history of diabetes. Three main factors for type 2 and prediabetes are Inactivity
Women with gestational diabetes often have no symptoms. For this reason, experts recommend a glucose screening test between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy. If you’ve had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, you may also have screening earlier in this pregnancy. If the results from this one-hour glucose screening test are abnormally high, you may be asked to do a 3-hour glucose tolerance test. If 2 out of 4 values on the tolerance test are high, your doctor will diagnose gestational diabetes. (IHC, 2010)
In our society today, the number of people diagnosed with diabetes is increasing. Diabetes is caused by many factors, like genetics, inactivity, and obesity. With obesity on the rise in our country, so is diabetes, especially in young children. With the fattening and unhealthy foods provided by fast food chains and grocery stores, children are the ones that diabetes affects the most, causing them to have higher chances of being diagnosed with diabetes. According to Kim and Lee (2008), the rates of childhood obesity have tripled over the past three decades.