Cyclothymia is a chronic mood disorder that is more mild in nature than bipolar disorder. To be more specific, while bipolar disorder is characterized by manic moods alternating with major depressive moods, cyclothymia is characterized by mood swings that are mildly manic and mildly depressive. The manic moods of cyclothymia often feature very high self-confidence and seemingly limitless energy; the depressive moods often result in sufferers feeling sad, unworthy, unequal, and worn out. In order to be diagnosed with cyclothymia, the patient must display (for at least two years) mood swings that a clearly noticeable to others that range from manic (very excited, ambitious, highly motivated, incredibly high self-esteem, and easily distracted) to depressive (very sad, overwhelmed, and possibly suicidal). These symptoms however must not be able to be classified as full-blown (hypo)mania or major depression (which are much more severe). Patients cease to have cyclothymia if their moods are ever classified as hypomanic or major depressive. These mood episodes must also not disappear for more than two months at any one time. There must be also be no symptoms of the patient being psychotic (being out of touch with reality). Finally, the symptoms must significantly interfere with the lives of patients in order to achieve a diagnosis of cyclothymia. It is my opinion that Edna Pontellier from Kate Chopin’s 1899 novel The Awakening is cyclothymic. Though the novel only takes place over one year, it can be assumed that Edna’s symptoms have been occurring for more than two years because they are said to have been brought about visit with her friend, Adele Ratignolle, a fan of the notion of women’s liberation and a friend of Edna’s for years. T... ... middle of paper ... ...ents from sleeping, patients may be prescribed anti-anxiety medications. As a last resort, doctors may use antidepressants in conjunction with mood stabilizers because using antidepressants solely could potentially make the manic moods more extreme. Therapy is also commonly used to treat cyclothymia. One suggested method of therapy specifically relating to the theory that the BAS is responsible for cyclothymia is for a therapist to teach the patient to be realistic. In this scenario, the goal is for the patient to recognize that, while in manic moods, he is setting his goals incredibly high, which increases the likelihood of failure. Also during these sessions, patients are taught to focus less on achieving the big goal and to think in terms other than goals. Patients who learn these therapeutic practices are considered less likely to have cyclothymic mood swings.
Throughout Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, the main protagonist Edna Pontellier, ventures through a journey of self-discovery and reinvention. Mrs.Pontellier is a mother and wife who begins to crave more from life, than her assigned societal roles. She encounters two opposite versions of herself, that leads her to question who she is and who she aims to be. Mrs. Pontellier’s journey depicts the struggle of overcoming the scrutiny women face, when denying the ideals set for them to abide. Most importantly the end of the novel depicts Mrs.Pontellier as committing suicide, as a result of her ongoing internal
I interviewed a different friend of mine, Leona, (not her real name) who is clinically depressed. She had used typical antidepressants since her diagnosis, but was always telling me how she felt like they did nothing to help her. Leona constantly complained about how they made her so dizzy and sleepy that she didn’t feel like doing anything and wanted to sleep all day. These things only increased her depression, and she realized that later once she looked back on her time of antidepressant use. Before Leona’s use of antidepressants,
Bipolar Disorder (Formerly known as Manic Depression) is a mental illness linked to alterations in moods such as mood swings, mania, and depression. There is more than one type, Bipolar I and Bipolar II, and the subcategories are divided by the severity of the symptoms seen, such as cyclothymic disorder, seasonal mood changes, rapid cycling disorder and psychosis. Age of onset usually occurs between 15-30 years old with an average onset of 25 years old but it can affect all ages. (Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital , 2013) Bipolar disorder affects more than two million people in the United States every year. (Gardner, 2011)
Edna Pontellier Throughout The Awakening , a novel by Kate Chopin, the main character, Edna Pontellier showed signs of a growing depression. There are certain events that hasten this, events which eventually lead her to suicide. At the beginning of the novel when Edna's husband, Leonce Pontellier, returns from Klein's hotel, he checks in on the children and believing that one of them has a fever he tells his wife, Edna. She says that the child was fine when he went to bed, but Mr. Pontellier is certain that he isn't mistaken: "He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children." (7) Because of the reprimand, Edna goes into the next room to check on the children.
The breast is a muscle connected to the chest wall made up of fatty tissues containing milk-forming glands that drain into the breast ducts during breast-feeding, and then leave the ducts through the nipple (Newson et al). These glands can decrease or increase in number and size. Breast lumps or cysts can form in various tissues or components that make up the breast. The English diction cyst comes from the Ancient Greek word kystis, meaning “bladder” or “pouch”. A cyst is an organ or cavity containing a liquid, semisolid or gaseous secretion. Cysts appear within tissue and can affect any part of the human body. They range in size from minuscule to the mass of team-sport balls such as tennis or baseballs. Cysts are also referred to as any normal bag or sac in the body, such as the bladder.
Patients with bipolar disorder swing between major depressive, mixed, hypomanic, and manic episodes. (1-9) A major depressive episode is when the patient has either a depressed mood or a loss of interest/pleasure in normal activities for a minimum of two weeks. Specifically, the patient should have (mostly): depressed mood for most of the day, nearly every day; diminished interest or pleasure in activities; weight loss or gain (a difference of 5% either way in the period of a month); insomnia or hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; diminished ability to think or concentrate; feelings of worthlessness; recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or attempt. It is important to note that, except for the last symptom, all of these symptoms must be ...
Childhood Onset Bipolar Disorder (COBPD) is one of the most debilitating mental disorders affecting children today. Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder usually affecting adults that causes sometimes severe changes in mood. Childhood Onset Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like, a bipolar disorder that occurs during childhood. Persons suffering from a bipolar disorder experience mood swings ranging from depression to mania. During a depressive episode patients can experience feelings of extreme hopelessness or sadness, inability to concentrate and trouble sleeping. Symptoms of mania include rapidly changing ideas, exaggerated cheerfulness and excessive physical activity. Hypomanic symptoms are the same as in mania, however, they are not so severe as to require hospitalization. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) outlines the diagnostic criteria for mood disorders. According to the DSM-IV, a person must have at least 5 of the following symptoms during the same 2 week period to qualify as a major depressive episode: a depressed mood lasting most of the day for several days; a significant weight gain or weight loss; a loss of interest in activities; difficulty sleeping (insomnia) or an increased need for sleep (hypersomnia); restlessness or slowed pace observable by others; daily fatigue; feelings of guilt or worthlessness; inability to concentrate; or recurrent thoughts of death. These symptoms can only be diagnosed as a depressed episode if they are not better explained by grief, effects of a drug, or a medical condition. The person experiencing these symptoms must, also report an interference in their daily functioning because of the ...
Bipolar disorder can be broken down into four basic types. Bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BP-NOS), and cyclothymic disorder or cyclothymia. Bipolar I disorder, which is defined by manic or mixed episodes that may last up to seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well typically lasting at least two weeks. ("NIMH • Bipolar Disorder", n.d., p. 4) Bipolar II disorder is a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic or mixed episodes. ("NIMH • Bipolar Disorder", n.d., p. 4) Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BP-NOS) is diagnosed when symptoms of the illness exist but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either bipolar I or bipolar II. However, the symptoms are clearly out of the person’s normal range of behavior. ("NIMH • Bipolar Disorder", n.d., p. 4) The last type of bipolar disorder is cyclothymic disorder or cyclothymia which is a mild form of bipolar disorder. People with cyclothymia have episodes of hypomania as well as mild depression...
Cyclothymic disorder, also known as cyclothymia, is a relatively mild form of bipolar II disorder characterized by mood swings that may appear to be almost within the normal range of emotions. These mood swings range from mild depression, or dysthymia, to mania of low intensity, or hypomania. It is possible for cyclothymia to go undiagnosed, and for individuals with the disorder to be unaware that they have a treatable disease. Individuals with cyclothymia may experience episodes of low-level depression, known as dysthymia; periods of intense energy, creativity, and/or irritability, known as hypomania; or they may alternate between both mood states. Like other bipolar disorders, cyclothymia is a chronic illness characterized by mood swings that can occur as often as every day and last for several days, weeks, months, or as long as two years. Individuals with this disorder are never free of symptoms of either hypomania or mild depression for more than two months at a time (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders).
Could the actions of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopin's novella The Awakening ever be justified? This question could be argued from two different perspectives. The social view of The Awakening would accuse Edna Pontellier of being selfish and unjustified in her actions. Yet, in terms of the story's romanticism, Edna was in many ways an admirable character. She liberated herself from her restraints and achieved nearly all that she desired. Chopin could have written this novel to glorify a woman in revolt against conventions of the period. Yet, since the social standpoint is more factual and straightforward, it is the basis of this paper. Therefore, no, her affairs, treatment of her family and lovers, and suicide were completely unwarranted. She was not denied love or support by any of those close to her. Ultimately Edna Pontellier was simply selfish.
Madness is subjective, especially so in a time period where women’s emotions and thoughts were brushed off as unimportant. In The Awakening, Kate Chopin explores the inner life of a woman, lost in the patriarchal world and without anyone who truly understands her. Edna Pontellier’s supposed madness plays a large part in her characterization as a woman who has lost her way. However, Edna’s madness is not truly madness; it stems from a neglectful husband, crushing responsibility to society, and a sense of the complete isolation.
Mood disorder is a condition in which an individuals’ mood is bothered. Such a disorder can affect an individuals’ demeanor, interaction and communication with others. As a result, mood disorders can possibly lead to the inability to complete daily-living activities. There are several types of mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder (Rosenberg and Kosslyn, 2011). In order to treat such conditions, the individuals’ neurological, psychological, and social factors are considered and targeted.
IC is currently taking Trileptal 300mg, BID, and Abilify 10mg, daily for mood stabilization and Trazodone 300mg at bedtime for sleep. Her medication could be changed during the acute manic phase, however, some important concerns have to be considered before prescribing. First, Lithium is used to treat acute manic condition, however, clinicians should exercise extreme caution in use it for patients who have reduced renal function. Lithium is potentially lethal due to its narrow therapeutic window (0.6 to 1.2 mEq/ml). Second, it is recommended to use Olanzapine and/or Quetiapine to treat insomnia and acute agitation related to bipolar disorder. Third, SGAs have the potential to cause metabolic abnormalities and weight gain. So it is important to measure patient’s weight and metabolic profiles before medication treatments and closely monitoring the same during the treatment. Fourth, the drug to drug interaction is a big issue for prescribing medication to bipolar patients. For example, Antiepileptic drugs (Tegretol and Trileptal) would interact with oral contraceptive pills and lead to contraceptive failure. Fifth, a pregnancy test should be performed for female bipolar patients because mood stabilizers cause teratogen. Sixth, almost all mood stabilizers and SGAs have a black-box warning so it is very important that clinicians educate patients very well about the medication side effects, adverse effects and interventions (McCarron, Xiong, & Bourgeois,
“Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Bipolar disorder is not easy to spot when it start...
If you are being treated for depression, taking an antidepressant may be part of your treatment plan. Antidepressants work by balancing the chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters that affect moods and emotions. These depression medicines can improve your mood, help you sleep better, and increase our appetite and concentration. “Antidepressants can help jump start mood and give people the boost they need to get over the symptoms of depression.” Says Eric Endlich, PhD, a clinical psychologist based an Boston. “This often allows them to start doing the things that they enjoy again and make better choices for themselves, which also helps contribute to a more positive mood.”