Copper deposits can be found worldwide, and they are often associated with convergent plate boundaries. Copper ore is typically a mineralized system related to felsic intrusions, their composition ranges from granitic to grandodioritic. When Earth’s oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust, a partial melting occurs, creating magma that typically has high amounts of copper. Once this magma cools, it forms large igneous intrusions, called batholiths. The crustal abundance of copper in mafic magmatic rocks is about 100 ppm, and in felsic rocks it is about 10 ppm, with the average crustal abundance around ~68 ppm (Pohl, 2011). The most economically profitable deposits are disseminated veins. Most of the copper deposits in the world are …show more content…
These deposits contain the second largest amount of copper resources, after porphyries. They are diagenetic in origin, and are often found in basins after porphyry copper deposits have been eroded from ore bearing mountain ranges. Some of these deposits can be found in Corocoro, Bolivia, as well as the Central African Copper Belt. The largest production of stratabound copper ore is in the Central African Copper Belt. Copper also has an affinity to sulfur. The two main types of copper ores are oxides and sulfides. Supergene oxide minerals consist of malachite, azurite, atacamite: CuCl(OH)3, and chrysocolla. Secondary enrichment sulfides consist of bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite CuFeS2. Chalcopyrite is the primary copper ore mineral, with more than 70% of producing copper mines exploiting chalcopyrite ore (Pohl, 2011). From 2007 to 2009, the United States competed back and fourth with Peru as the second and third leading global producers of copper, following Chile. There are large amounts of copper resources available on the land and sea floor. According to the U.S.G.S. in 2004, there were about 1.6 billion metric tons of copper available from known land-based
In World War II the soldiers used a jelly-like substance, called “red vet pet” to prevent themselves from the sun. Finally, Benjamin Green combined this substance with cocoa butter and coconut oil, which created the new line of Coppertone suntan cream. Coppertone has come a long way, to make their product better. As they changed the product, the advertisement changed over the years to appeal to the audience. Although both of these advertisements are being presented to get people to buy Coppertone, the modern day advertising is more appealing than 1944 advertisement; the modern day advertisement has a better focal point, action, general feeling and mood, selection of elements, and audience.
Plummer, C.C., McGeary, D., and Carlson, D.H., 2003, Physical geology (10th Ed.): McGraw-Hill, Boston, 580 p.
On November 24, 1971 a man going by the name of Dan Cooper purchased an airline ticket from the ticket counter of the Northwest Orient Airlines in Portland Oregon. Dan Cooper paid cash for a one-way ticket from Portland, Oregon to Seattle, Washington. Dan Cooper boarded a Boeing 727 carrying 37 passengers and 5 crewmembers. What followed is a series of events that has left law enforcement agencies and amateur sleuths alike dumfounded for well over 40 years. Who is the D.B. Cooper?
...under H₂O-undersaturated conditions, water was structurally bound up to the greenschist facies and then at the start of anatexis the excess water maximized the amount of H₂O-undersaturated melt generated. Furthermore the dissolution of accessory minerals can provide melts with structural components which in turn give clues about melting history and melting conditions, even during rapid melting. The analysis and mass balance of trace elements found in the glasses and residual phases and melt extraction data, together provided evidence that significant amounts of LILE were retained in residual feldspars and biotite crystals up to a high degree of partial melting of the crustal protolith. This is interpreted as meaning that higher temperatures of partial melting are needed to more efficiently differentiate the crust in these mostly incompatible trace elements.
The Pebble mine project is a copper and gold deposit in its progressive expedition phase. The area of this project is located near the Bristol Bay region in southwest Alaska. The West side of Pebble contains approximately 4.1 billion metric tons. The East location contains 3.4 million metric tons. This range altogether contains 7.5 billion metric tons of high quality minerals. The debate of this project lies on the dangers to the surrounding environment, and the economic boost for the community.
Charles R. Stern; 2011; Subduction erosion: Rates mechanisms, and its role in arc magmatism and the evolution of the continental crust and mantle; Elsevier, pages 284-308
The traditional theory about the Earth’s core suggest that the core of the Earth is a solid nickel and iron sphere surrounded by a fluid metallic magma. The rotation of the Earth is believed to create massive columns of magma to swirl in the core. These columns are believed to produce the Earth’s magnetic field. This theory is based on the assumption that the Earth’s core is cooling and will eventually cool completely and cease to produce energy and a magnetic field. However, this theory does not answer many ongoing mysteries about the Earth, such as why the Earth’s magnetic field periodically shuts down, and questions about the energy production of the Earth. It was apparent that a new theory was needed to explain the mystery of the Earth’s core.
Minerals play an important role in our day-to-day life but we often not contemplate how the minerals are obtained. Minerals are scattered all over the world just like any other resources. Due to the natural processes of magma flow, hydrothermal gradients, sedimentation, and evaporation, Minerals are concentrated in various areas of the Earth’s crust. Obtaining these minerals for human use involves four general steps:
The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Aim Analyse and evaluate the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. Results Voltage across Concentration of solution electrode 0.5M 1.0M 2.0M 2 5.0 10.6 19.5 4 10.5 19.8 40.3 6 14.3 26.0 60.2 8 15.2 40.4 80.3 10 15.0 40.2 99.6 12 15.1 40.0 117.0 Analysing/Conclusion The input variables in this experiment are; concentration of the solution and the voltage across the electrodes. The outcome is the amount of copper gained (measured in grams) at the electrodes. By analyzing the graph, we can see the rapid increase of weight gained for the 2.0 molar concentration as the gradient is steeper.
Recently in the Bismarck Sea there have been discoveries of rich minerals imbedded in the sea floor such as gold, lead, cobalt, silver, copper and zinc. We only have a short time left of gold, 16 years. There are several volcanoes located around the Bismarck Sea, which means there are many mineral deposits coming out from under the sea floor leaving deep pockets rich in coal and minerals. As the tectonic plates are moving they are activating volcanic eruptions, releasing minerals into the sea floor. With the tectonic plates continuously moving, the minerals and metal ores are shifting into the sea floor pockets causing the volcanoes to erupt coal and ores. The edge of the tectonic plates run directly under this site, subsequently releasing minerals from the magma below into the ocean floor.
Though it has had many negative impacts on the environment in the past, mining is a vital industry completely necessary to our economy and lives. Nearly every item we use or encounter in our day to day lives is mined or contains mined products. Without the excavation of such materials things like computers, televisions, large building structures, electricity, and cars would not be possible. Virtually every technological and medical advance uses minded materials, without which millions would suffer. Some examples of minerals in the home include the telephone which is made from as many as 42 different minerals, including aluminum, beryllium, coal, copper, gold, iron, silver, and talc. A television requires over 35 different minerals, and more than 30 minerals are needed to make a single personal computer. Without boron, copper, gold and quartz, your digital alarm clock would not work. Every American uses an average 47,000 pounds of newly mined materials each year, which is higher than all other countries with the exception of Japan, which is a staggering figure representative of our dependence and need for mined minerals. Coal makes up more than half of nation’s electricity, and will continue to be the largest electrical supplier into 2020 & accounting for some 95 percent of the nation's fossil energy reserves – nine of every ten short-tons of coal mined in the United States is used for electricity generation. As the population of the world grows more mineral resources must be exploited through mining in order to support the rising demand for such products. Though it may present a hazard to the environment and those physically located nears the mines, the materials extracted from mines...
An Italian scientist named Julius Scaliger discovered platinum in 1557, but fairly large quantities were not discovered until around 1750, when the Spaniards discovered it in Peru. Don Antonio de Ulloa wrote the first complete description for the Spaniards and is sometimes credited with the discovery because of the detailed report. The Spaniards named the metal platinum, deriving form their word plata, meaning silver. The ore, called native platinum, usually occurs in beds of gold-bearing sand. Native platinum contains from 60 to 85 % pure platinum. The small, irregular grains that contain the ore also contain other rare metals, such as iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. The grains also contain small amounts of iron, copper, chromium, and titanium. The grains must be introduced to aqua regia, which dissolves the platinum and can then be collected. Platinum is a rare element on Earth. Platinum makes up an estimated 0.01 parts per million in the Earth's crust. A large nugget of platinum will be found very rarely. The largest nugget ever found was a lump weighing over 21 pounds in Russia. Russia produces the world's largest supply of platinum-group metals. Other major sources of platinum are located in the Transvaal province in South Africa, Sudbury, Ontario, Colombia, and the United States also has sources of platinum. The United States uses about 475,000 troy ounces of platinum a year. About 1/5 of this comes from its own mines and scrap. The rest is imported largely from Canada, which recovers large quantities of platinum as a byproduct of the nickel industry. In the United States, platinum is found in the gold deposits in California, Nevada, and Oregon.
of Copper Sulphate. To do this I plan to work out the amount of water
inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography.
The concurrent convective circulations in the mantle leads to some segments of the mantle moving on top of the outer core which is very hot and molten in nature. This kind of movement in different segments occurs as tectonic plates. These tectonic plates are basically seven on the earth surface as major ones, although, several small ones exist also. The plates motions are characterized by varying velocities, this variance results to sub sequential collision of two plates (leading to formation of a mountain in a convergent boundary), drift of two plates (leading to formation of rifts in a divergent boundary), or parallel movement in a transform boundary(Webcache 3).