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Use of the scientific method psychology
Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories
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In the textbook, Cervoin and Pervin discuss the scientific study of people and the various parts to that. The most important aspect of this chapter was the data of personality psychology because they discuss the four different types of data categories. Those categories are L-data, O-data, T-data, and S-data. L-data, life record, is data from life history or events of an individual that are recorded such as medical history or a college transcript. O-data, observation data, is data from observations of an individual from important people in their life such as parents or friends. T-data, test data, is data from experiments on peoples performance on a certain task. S-data, self report data, is data that the individual reports for themselves. Of …show more content…
O-data might not be the best choice because the observers might be bias or judgmental and report something differently than someone else would but multiple observers can focus in of specific behavior or report more general behavior. T-data is very objective but participants could alter their answers to what they think is “correct”. Lastly, S-data is easy and quick because the individual themselves is giving you the information but the participant could be altering the information to be able to show themselves off in a more positive light. Within the different data types, there are different measures that are taken into play, fixed and flexible. A fixed measurement is when everyone participating gets the same test and is scored the same way, which is most likely to be seen when collecting O-data and S-data due to questionnaires and personality tests. However, a flexible measurement is when something else is tested on rather than a set of questions, which is mostly seen in T-data due to various …show more content…
Cervoin and Parvin explain that measurements must be reliable and valid in personality psychology for the research to matter. Reliability in research means that the observations of the data could be replicated and have the same outcome in various trials. This proves that the data is consistent. Validity in research means that the observations of the data is actually reflecting the area of interest the research is on. They are both extremely important and both must be present for the goals of research to be met. The strategies of research include different types of ways to obtain research. They are case studies, correlational studies, and experiments. Case studies is a way to study an individual in great depth through interaction with them. Case studies are the best way to study the full person but there could be a subjective interpretation of that data from the psychologist because of a relationship they build. Correlational studies are used when trying to link two variables together in how they interact with one another. Correlational studies are fast and easy to obtain a large number of samples but the reliability and validity of the questionnaires, which are used a lot, are questioned. Lastly, experimental research is where various variables are changed in a controlled environment. This type of research is useful because the manipulation of variables is extremely convenient
The scientific method is how psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. It is used by all scientists. The experimental method is the one way to engage the scientific method, and the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships. It is summarized in five steps, observing some phenomenon in the world, forming a hypothesis which is an educated prediction about relationships between two or more variables, examining the gathered information by using empirical research, determining what the results are and drawing them, and evaluating the results whether it will support the hypothesis or not. Researchers, at the end, submit their work for publication for all to see and read (King, 2016). There are three types of psychological research in the scientific method, descriptive research, correlation, and experimental research (King, 2016). The article The Effects of Negative Body Talk in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of College Students (Katrevich, Register, & Aruguete, 2014) is an example of the experimental method.
Larsen, R. & Buss, D.(2014) Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about human nature( 5th edition) . McGaw-Hill Higher Education, California.
Personality is a link within oneself, the growth of a person’s mental structure; it is the combined whole that is larger than the amount of the parts, or the complete amount of ways in which a person reacts to and interacts with others. The most common way of measuring personality is by self-report surveys, with which people measure themselves on a sequence of factors. Observer-ratings surveys give a self-sufficient assessment of the personality. Personality also appears to be a result of both heredity and environment.
The term validity expresses the degree to which a given research design actually measures what it sets out to measure, given that the central aim of research design is to establish a relationship between the independent and dependent variables with a high degree of certainty (Bless et al. 2006, p. 93).
After the participant has taken the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the participants are given their results (scores). The results are in form of a bar graph, as well as numbers of how they performed in form of a scale. At times, there are some cases of confusion which may result due to the confusion of the numbers leading to some similarity in the trait theory. During the preparation, another important element which should be considered is privacy. The results of a personality indicator should be limited only to the
The chapter explains how correlation study examines the extent to which differences in characteristic and variable are related to differences in one or more characteristics or variables. Correlation only exists when one variable increases and the other either...
In this study, I had to take two surveys, one from the real study and the other from a third-party website called surveymonkey.com. These questions asked about your demographics, personal questions related to work situations where you would rate a particular work situation as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Then I was sent to surveymonkey.com where it asked me life/personal questions such as do you have car insurance?, what is your income?, etc. As a result of this study, I found some value in my personality insight. This is turn, allowed me to reevaluate my personality and make improvements/changes to it in the future.
Research findings are considered reliable if they are consistent over a period of time and they accurately represent the total population under evaluation or study (McMillan, 2016; Golafshani, 2013). Moreover, the findings of a research study are considered reliable if they can be reproduced using similar methodology. In this regard, replication and consistency are the two characteristics that determine the reliability of any given research tool or test. Validity establishes if the research study actually measures what it was initially intended to measure (McMillan, 2016). In this regard, validity of a research is determined by how accurate the measurement tool is in measuring what it was intended to establish. Therefore, the quality of research is determined by its reliability and validity. The validity and reliability of any
Another research method is the use of correlation studies. Correlation studies are used to observe relationships between variables. Correlation is a statistical index used to represent the strength of a relationship between two factors; how much and in what way those factors may vary. The three outcomes of a correlation study may be a positive, negative or non-existent. A positive correlation can be described as two variables increasing or decreasing at the same time. A negative correlation can be the amount that one variable increases, the other decreases. And a non-existent correlation simply means there is no relationship between the variables. Correlation studies are used when the researcher desires to find or suggest evidence of a relationship between two variables.
In correlational methods, researchers are only looking at the relationship between variables without manipulation. Researchers are looking at natural occurring variables. Researches measure two or more variables and determine if one is related to the other.
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2012). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed). Boston , MA, USA: Pearson
2. The scientific method is applied in psychological research through the use of making observations, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis,
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). 2,5. Theories of personality (10th ed., pp. 41-84,139-158). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
... dictates also the reliability of the results. Moreover, the skills and competence of the researcher and the research designer also dictate the reliability and validity of the results.