Cancer has become leading cause of death across world in the class of non-communicable diseases. This has led to massive research in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages could prevent its spread to other organs of the body and possible cure of the patient. More and more different types of cancers are being identified and mostly they have to be treated differently. Cancer classification plays a very important role in cancer diagnosis. Earlier strategies used for cancer classification: morphological and clinical had some limitations. They were not able to predict cancer subtypes accurately. It has been identified that giving treatment according to the tumor type is more effective for the patients. Tumors of a particular type of cancer differ at the molecular level, i.e. the genetic level.
The introduction of DNA microarrays in early 2000s played a very pivotal role in research on cancer classification. It is now been massively used to study cancer classification by various researchers. Different classification methods, both supervised and unsupervised, ...
The concept of tumor heterogeneity being related to the course of the disease and clinical outcome in cancer patients draws additional attention in the era of personalized medicine (1). Current cancer treatment strategies are based on the site of origin of the primary tumor. However, it was shown that tumors developed from distinct cell types differ in their prognosis and response to cytotoxic therapies (2...
Most animals are susceptible to the development of cancer at some stage of their life. Among all types of cancer, squamous cell carcinoma is one of the skin cancer that commonly affects domestic animals. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer caused by neoplasms arising from the squamous epithelium of an animal regardless of species. However, this essay will only focus on this condition among felines since my chosen species is a white cat called Rosie. There are several forms of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among felines, which are known as solar keratosis and multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ, sometimes known as Bowen’s-like disease, but in this case, Rosie is diagnosed with
Tests for cervical cancers and diseases are always progressing and the next step in identification molecular biomarkers. The use of these panels should coexist alongside the current LCB infrastructure increasing the chances of early diagnosis. HPV and its viral onco genes E6 and E7 has been found in 99+% of cervical neoplasia when both genes are expressed by damaging the DNA engineering dis-regulation (Walboomers. et al. 1999) (Giannoudis. et al. 2001). Other tumour molecules and proteins such as Ccd6 and p16(INNK4A) are over expressed in pre-cancer and malignant lesion production by un-restricted proliferation of malignant cells (Astbury, 2006). These markers could increase time periods between tests by increasing sensitivity (Hoyer. et al. 2005).
I have chosen to write about the constellation Cancer (The Crab). I chose Cancer because it is one of only a handful of constellations that I am actually able to identify in the night sky. Cancer is one of the twelve Zodiac constellations; people whose birthdays fall between June 21st and July 22nd have Cancer as their sign. Cancer is the Latin word for crab, and despite the fact that the constellation looks more like a lobster then a crab, it is still referred to as a crab. The constellation is visible from the northern hemisphere from late winter to early spring.
The skin is the largest organ in the body, covering the bones and internal organs, protecting them from injuries, it serves as a barrier to germs, and bacteria and helps to prevent fluid loss. The skin helps to control the body’s temperature and also aids in removing certain body wastes, therefore making it a vital organ just as any other organ such as the heart or brain.
Most forms of skin cancer are found on areas of the body that experience constant exposure to sunlight. The ultraviolet rays in sunlight are one main cause of skin cancer, but artificial sources of UV rays have also been proven to be a contributing factor.
The body is composed of cells. Normally, these cells divide at a composed and calculated manner. If cells die or are destroyed, the body creates more cells through the division of existing cells. However, occasionally, problems with some cells in the body may occur.
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
The leading cause of death in America is lung cancer. Lung cancer is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the United States. There are many types of ways to get lung cancer. There is radon gas it occurs outdoors naturally. Then there is second hand smoke that comes from other people smoking. People are even getting lung cancer from cancer causing agents, this happens from carcinogens. You can also get it from air pollution indoors and outdoors. Also there are gene-mutations that form cancer causing cells. Then there is the one everyone blamed lung cancer is smoking.
Cancer patients often wonder if going through treatments like chemotherapy and radiation are worth the risk of the side effects, in addition to the cancerous side effects. They feel that they can’t enjoy or relax in what a short amount of time they have left because they are bedridden from the nausea and pain that treatments put them through. Patients tell their loved ones to just let them die so long as they don’t have to go through any more pain. Those who are too old, are unable to recover from the effects, or are just too far in the grips of cancer, should refuse the more harsh treatments like chemo and radiation. On the positive side, refusing treatments after a certain point can save their families from the stress and cost of hospital bills. If caught early enough, patients can opt for safer and easier routes to getting rid of cancer like surgery or by doing a stem cell transplant.
Cancer is a disease that affects human somatic cells. It causes the cells to divide uncontrollably and form masses known as tumors. There are two different types of cancer tumors. Some tumors are benign and other tumors are malignant. Benign tumors look similar to the tissues that they came from and develop slowly. The tumor remains in the same area that the tumor originated in. Malignant tumors are formed from cells that do not resemble the tissue that they came from. They vary in shape and size. This enables pieces of the tumor to break off and spread to other places in the body. Over the past few decades cancer has become a very prominent disease. There are many different types of cancer and many different causes for the the disease. Most cancers are because of a genetic mutation. The most common type occur when a cell is dividing. Proto-oncogenes, which are alleles in a normal cells, mutate to form oncogenes. These oncogenes cause cancer because they do not allow the cells to self destruct or become epistatic. There have been several research projects which have been testing epistatis.
Are all types of cancer curable? Melanoma is the most deadly skin cancer to have. “Once melanoma spreads, or metastasizes, it is known as metastatic melanoma. When melanoma spreads, it will usually appear first in the lymph nodes, and then in other organs such as the liver, lungs or brain” (Cancer Treatment Centers of America). It is important that we learn more about these types of dangerous cancers in order to live a long, healthy life.
Assignment 1 Question 1 (i) The profit in calculating the rate of cancer in a cluster depends on the goal and context of the investigation. Usually, the objective is to determine if a workplace-related exposure is increasing cancer risk. However, these investigations are often raised in the context of staff dissatisfaction and media pressure which must not be discounted in the decisions made. The main purpose of calculating and comparing the rate of cancer in the workplace to the community rate would be to determine if the rate is unusually high or not.
From the study it can be concluded that the methodologies involved in the bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics have lots of applications in biotechnology and the techniques which are involved in these fields can be used to discover novel drugs, understand the functions of genes which cause cancer so that to develop therapeutic drugs in the future and furthermore, from the study it has been known that with the improvement of the technologies related to these fields many challenges like developing a precise medicine for prostate cancer and effective prediction of 3D protein structure can be addressed clearly. The information from the study clearly describes that bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics have great potentials currently as well as in the future if they are enhanced in the appropriate manner.
Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases and primary cause of the huge number of deaths among women worldwide. Early detection methods and exact diagnostics are essential to the success of breast cancer treatment. However, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is caused by a variety of genes. Therefore an understanding of the differences between breast cancer subtypes has become the primary avenue for treatment. In order to get a deep understanding of the various subtypes, classifying cancer patients by molecular features and phenotypic of cancer subtype will be needed. To fulfill this need, Computer Scientists and Medical Researchers in the bioinformatics field have partnered together to use a high performance data science