The etiology of calcaneal fracture is usually high energy trauma such as fall from a height or motor vehicle crash 1,2.
Intra articular fractures of calcaneus occurs following eccentric loading of the talus on the calcaneus.(fig 5.1) The severity, type and location of fracture are determined by the position of the foot, the direction and magnitude of applied force and quality of bone 49.
Eccentric axial loading of talus on calcaneus produces a primary shear line that is parallel to posterolateral edge of talus and passes through posterior calcaneal facet. This primary fracture line separates the calcaneum in to two parts viz posterolateral and anteromedial (fig 5.1). Each fragment consists of a portion of posterior facet. The amount of posterior
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As the primary fracture line develops, the body of calcaneum displaces laterally and proximally which impacts the lateral portion of the posterior facet against the posterior lateral edge of talus leading to shearing off of the lateral wall and development of posterior secondary fracture line.
C. As the body of calcaneum progresses proximally and lateral, it causes the superolateral fragment to rotate medially and to impact into spongy calcaneous bone which sweeps out the sheared off lateral wall fragment and results in commounited fragments impinging into the peronal tendon space against fibula.
Source: Paley D, Hall H. Calcaneal fracture controversies Can we put Humpty Dumpty together again? Orthop Clin North Am. 1989 Oct;20(4):665-77 Fig 5.2. Multiple views showing primary and secondary fracture lines in calcaneum
The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The fibula is only involved to the extent that it serves as an attachment site for connective tissue. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed.
No obvious boundaries are observed between the two distinct materials, tendon and bone. Type I collagen and tenocytes are highly aligned in tendon. In uncalcified fibrocartilage, where collagen type II is of great content, along with rich type III collagen and small amount of type X collagen, decorin, and aggrecan. Similarly, with a great amount of type II collagen, the mineralized cartilage presents significant amounts of collagen type X and scarce levels of aggrecan. Note that the collagen fibers are highly aligned in the direction of tensile force in tendon but less oriented in the insertion site (Figure 2).[4, 19] Additionally, the insertion site possesses a transitional decrease in tissue organization while an increase in mineral content.[4] The complex collagen and mineralization content in this region lead the repair and rehabilitation of tendon-to-bone insertion site more
Lateral ligaments and their biomechanics: The anterior talofibular ligament, the calcaneofibular ligament, and the posterior talofibular ligament. When referring to the anatomic subtalar joint, the lateral complex is composed of the following ligaments: CFL, Lateral talocalcaneal ligament, the cervical ligament, and the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.
The patients chart was reviewed and a history of fractures was brought to the attention of the physician. Her fracture list includes her right clavicle, right humorous, three ribs, multiple finger and toe fractures, the left femur, and her right distal fibula. Many different diagnoses have included accident trauma, child abuse, and many bone disorders including OI. This disease effects on average one child in every 20,000 to 60,000 births each year. Suspected abuse where there is none present can lead to some damaging outcomes for all included and involved. Children with OI and their families can be protected in situations like these, and they are offered the best available
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
The roof of the orbit is composed of two main structures called orbital plate of the frontal bone and part of lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. The floor of the orbit is composed of three main structures called maxillary bone, zygomatic bone, and palatine bone. The medial wall of the orbit is composed of orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, maxillary bone, and sphenoid bone. The lateral wall of the orbit is composed of orbital surface of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Weakest bones are in the floor and medial wall of the orbit and if pressure is applied through the tissues or the sturdier bones usually causes blowout fractures. In addition, there are numerous 6 ocular muscles and other tissues that surround the orbit.
In order to understand how the menisci can be injured, you must understand the basic anatomy of the menisci and why they are important. The menisci are two oval (semilunar) fibrocartilages that deepen the articular facets of the tibia and cushion any stresses placed on the knee joint. They enhance the total stability of the knee, assist in the control of normal knee motion, and provide shock absorption against compression forces between the tibia and the femur (Booher, 2000). Articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones that make up the joint. The articular cartilage surface is a tough, very slick material that allows the surfaces to slide against one another without damage to either surface. This ability of the meniscus to spread out the force on the joint surfaces as we walk is important because it protects the articular cartilage from excessive forces occurring in any one area on the joint surface, leading to degeneration over time (Sutton, 1999).
Type IV of OI is much rarer, comprising only 5% of cases. The bones may appear normal at the time of the first...
Osteoporosis was first mentioned by Sir Astley Paston Cooper. Other common symptoms include gum disease, tooth decay, premature graying of hair, arthritis, low back pain, leg cramps, and nail growth. Fragility fracture occurs when a person falls from a standing position or a low height and breaks a bone that would not break in a person with a healthy bone. Heritability of bone mass estimated to account for 60-90% of its variance (Kaczkowsi, 2013).
The tough compact bone is not needed in the middle therefore compressive and tearing forces cancel each other out mid-way through the bone.
The fibula is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and the slenderest of all the long bones, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg. The fibula is the smaller, non-weight bearing, of the two bones in the lower leg, while the tibia is the larger, weight bearing bone. The fibula and tibia moves very little relative to each other and the joints that it forms contribute significantly to the function of the lower leg. The joint it forms permit the fibula to adjust its position relative to the tibia, increasing the range of motion of the ankle. Fibular fractures are not often a severe injury, because the bone is supports only about 17% of the body weight.
Stable fracture. This includes a single fracture line through one bone, with no injury to ankle ligaments. A fracture of the talus that does not have any movement of the bone on either side of the fracture line (displacement)
Hemothorax. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2047916-overview#aw2aab6b2b4 Norvell, J. G. (2013, June 11). Tibia and Fibula Fracture Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826304-clinical Queensland Government.
Blunt force trauma is defined as a traumatic event caused by the introduction of any blunt instrument forcefully, causing injury to the body or head. The Severity of injury is determined by various factors. It may be due to mechanical force such as compression, traction, torsion or shear. Impact of the injury and severity depends on object and movement of victim. Injuries occurred may be internal such as lacerations of internal tissues, organs, fractures of bones or may be external such as abrasion, avulsion, contusion and laceration (Pollak & Saukko, 2009). Severity also depends on anatomical site impacted for ex: Lacerations have irregular margin, hanging causes abrasions, contusions and hyoid bone fractures, Ocular hemorrhages in case of blunt trauma to eyes or Fracture of ribs when hit on chest by a blunt object (Ressel, Hetzel, & Ricci, 2016). Severity is also determined by the duration of time and amount of force applied. Nature of trauma is of importance in forensic medicine. It helps in
The Ankle Joint, otherwise known as the Talocrural Articulation, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal tibiofibular joint to the upper surface of the body of the talus. Owing its strength to the shape of the articulating bones as well as the ligaments and tendons attached to it, the ankle joint is relatively stable in the neutral position.