Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are fundamental to the life science...”
Biochemistry and molecular Biology are the study of the chemical components of cells, in order to give ease for humans to decipher the process involved in the genetic and molecular structure and function of cells. Biochemistry is involved with the chemical aspect of cell characteristics, which is imperative when the study of human physiology is involved. Molecular biology is the study of cell at a molecular level, which can involve the study of the DNA and the RNA of the cell. The manner, at which Biochemistry and Molecular biology have evolved to embrace approximately the whole scale of life at its smallest unit will be discussed below.
Over the years, the complexity of life has marvelled scientist, who go beyond and above knowing more about life. The early study of life shows how many cellular processes have being formed from a unit of cell, which leaves us with the question of how this unit of cell came to being. One of the oldest cell that has existed is Bacteria. This is single celled with a size of 0.2μm in diameter and 2-8μm in
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Apart from the bacterial cell, a theory has being formulated which concludes the mitochondria and the chloroplast to have been a prehistoric bacterial cell. This evidence is said to be called the endosymbiotic theory. The word “symbosis”can be obtained when different cell achieve their purpose by living and working simultaneously, while endo means inside. However, due to the fact that evolution and development has increased, the mitochondria and chloroplast has become more of a specialised cell as they now reside inside the body instead of outside. In this case, the study of Biochemistry and Molecular biology in life science has aided in the better understanding of the chemical and molecular aspect of life up to this extent and still awaits for
Eukaryotic Cells are Deemed as a Result of the Evolution of Symbiotic Prokaryotes Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells over time have sustained very dynamic changes from one another. More specifically we have seen the appearance of a more complicated and organized cell structure, the nucleus. However the big question amongst scientists today is how did these changes first occur? A fundamental concept of this evolution is the belief in the natural progression 'from the simple, to the more complex.' However one popular theory that argues that Prokaryotic symbiosis was responsible for forming the Eukaryotic nucleus is the 'Endosymbiotic Theory' this theory was first proposed by a former Boston University Biologist known as Lynn Margulis in the 1960's.
Many things have impacted both the Science and Medical fields of study. Electrophoresis and DNA Sequencing are two of these things. Together they have simultaneously impacted both of these fields. On one hand, there is Electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is a specific method of separating molecules by their size through the application of an electric field. It causes molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. On the other hand, there is DNA Sequencing. DNA Sequencing is a technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases
In contrast, eukaryotic organisms typically include (but are not limited to) membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.), golgi body, lysosome and peroxisome. The main defining difference between a eukaryote and prokaryote is that the latter does not contain a nucleus or any such organelles. Such a definition, however, can be argued to be a poor discriminator between organisms of Eukarya and Prokarya, because it describes only what prokaryotes are lacking, not what they fundamentally are. This essay aims to detail a more comprehensive definition of why these two kingdoms are so different from each other. A key example of this thinking is that, while prokaryotes are often singly responsible for metabolic processes, reproduction and cell repair, eukaryotes are often highly specialised in order to perform certain functions and rely upon other cells to fulfil different functions. For exa...
Eukaryotic cells, whether from animals, plants, protists, or fungi, are the most structurally advanced of the major cell types. Eukaryote are single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain nucleus and any other structures (organelles) enclosed within the membrane that perform specific functions. The surface of the cell is covered with a thin film or plasma membrane, which is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings. Plasma membranes are composed mostly of proteins and lipids (Simon, 02/2012, p. 59-60).
The start of any evolutionary story told about us lies within the origin of the eukaryote cell. This remarkable event consisted of a revolution of cell type matched in momentousness by the arrival on the biological scene of the prokaryote (O’Malley). Bacteria had a couple billion years head start on eukaryotes and have given rise to many biochemical processes that are essential to the ecosystem (Wernergreen). One organism living within another defines endosymbiosis. Nobody can say the exact origin of the eukaryote cell. The endosymbiosis theory dates back to the earliest 20th century and devotion to different models of its origins is strong and adamant (O’Malley).
Threshold 5 tackles the beginning of life on Earth. This is where any living things are characterized by metabolism, homeostasis, and reproduction. Over time, the genetic makeup of any living thing change so later generations being slightly different. This results into diversification and the evolution of certain species that best suit their environment. However, threshold 5 also deals with the idea of dealing with the “natural world.” It may seem that the environment is almost entirely man-made but the “natural world” is still a huge part of the environment. This can be simple as the earth on the ground, the air that people breathe in, or even the sun that provides the heat and light to the planet. However, as human technology progresses the “natural world” becomes less and less apparent in the world today.
The diversity and the unity of life are equally meaningful and striking aspects of our Earth (Dobzhansky, 1973). Although an astounding 1.2 million species have already been identified, it is estimated that another 8.7 million are yet to be discovered and classified (Mora et al., 2011). By understanding what unifies us –our genes, our understanding of the organisms we share our planet with will continue to grow.
Metabolism is extremely altered during the transition period. The prepartum is marked by an accentuated fetus growth (Bauman and Bruce Currie, 1980) and the onset of lactation; however, the postpartum is marked by an increase in milk production over time and deficit on the intake of nutrients. This situation causes a negative balance of nutrients, when the intake of nutrients does not meet the requirements of the animal; more specifically about energy, it is well-known that transition cows undergo negative energy balance (NEB), and it is easily characterized by body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) loss. Bertics et al., 1992, and Hayirli et al., 2002, observed that DMI is affected during the prepartum period, showing a decrease of about 30% on the last couple weeks before parturition. After parturition, DMI increases to support mainly the demands for lactation but it is still not enough to meet the animal demands (NRC, 2001). DMI is directly related to milk yield and strategies have been developed to maximize intake in order to increase milk production, this shows its importance by the fact of an increase of about 1 kg on milk production at peak of lactation reflects about 200 kg of extra milk on the current lactation. Providing quality feed and maximizing DMI during the transition period is of high importance in minimizing NEB and its detrimental effects consequently improving milk production. Metabolic demands are increased to support lactation, and homeorhetic adaptations occur to partition nutrients to the mammary gland. A good example it is the glucose metabolism, an important metabolite used as main fuel for cells and also transformed in lactose by the mammary gland, which is affected in order of trying to meet th...
.... Without these systems humans would be extinct, because these systems provide humans the nutrients, energy, oxygen, and many other substances that humans cannot live without. All these systems and functions work together as a whole. Biochemistry helps develop medicine and medicine is used every day in life. Without medicine many diseases and flus would not be cured. But not everyone catches or has the same types of diseases or flus, therefore biochemists developed different medication for different bodies and flus. But it is in the hands of the doctors, pharmacists, or the physician’s to prescribe the right medication for the patient, and this is taught in biochemistry. Therefore a student who wants join to the medical field should study human anatomy so the he/she is aware of the human structure. And also study biochemistry to have strong knowledge in medicine.
Bacteria are single celled microbes. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process, the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. Binary
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.
Leboffe, M. J., & Pierce, B. E. (2010). Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Third Edition 3rd Edition (3rd Ed.). Morton Publishing
Synthetic biology, also known as synbio, is a new form of research that began in the year 2000. The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group) says that synthetic biology is bringing together “engineering and the life sciences in order to design and construct new biological parts, devices and systems that do not currently exist in the natural world’ (Synthetic Biology). Synthetic biology is aiming to create safer medicines, clean energy, and help the environment through synthetically engineered medicines, biofuels, and food. Because synthetic biology has only existed for fourteen years, there is controversy involving its engineering ethics. In this literature review, I am going to summarize and correlate the International Association for Synthetic Biology (IASB) Code of Conduct for Gene Synthesis, the impact of synthetic biology on people and the environment, and the philosophical debates.
Because cells are the ‘basic unit of life’, the study of cells, cytology, can be considered one of the most important areas of biological research. Almost every day on the evening news, we are told about new discoveries in cell biology, such as cancer research, cloning, and embryology. (https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073031216/student_view0/exercise3/the_importance_of_cell_biology.html) This report provides an insight into the differences in the structure of cells and the way that they carry out their internal mechanisms. Cells form the basis of all living things and they are the smallest single unit of life.
The myriad mysteries of science can be unraveled by the emerging technologies including Biotechnology. Science has always been my interest and forte thus, the choice of Biotechnology as my academic option was the ideal decision. I had prepared for the highly competitive entrance exam AIET to get admission into the integrated Masters Degree in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics at Dr. D.Y. Patil University and secured 87th all over India rank and was proud to gain admission to this venerated university. The academic curriculum has introduced me to amazing subjects like ‘Microbiology’, ‘Molecular Biology’, ‘Biochemistry’, ‘Genetics’ and ‘Industrial Biotechnology’. Although many seminal biological events have been explained in theory during the past century, the technology to harness their potential for benefiting humankind has only been possible during the past few decades. This is testament to the great improvements in biotechnologies and I am glad to be a part of this grand scientific experience.