Assisted Reproductive Technology Reproduction is the ability of a species to perpetuate and in the human species it is looked upon as a right in today's society. Males and females alike feel pressure that in order to be fully male or fully female they must procreate (Conrad, 1997). While this is not true of all men and women, for many married couples the ability to have children is important. It is only recently that infertile couples have been provided with options that would allow them to conceive a child. These options include the various forms of reproductive technology that have been developed over the past 20-25 years. While these technological advances have brought joy and hope to many infertile couples, the advances have also brought along a myriad of moral and ethical dilemmas as well. It is necessary for everyone to become educated about reproductive technology in order to be better equipped to deal with the moral and ethical issues that this new technology brings to today's world. Background of Infertility Infertility is defined as the "inability of a man to impregnate or of a woman to conceive" after a year of having regular intercourse without any form of birth control (Wekesser, 1996). Surprisingly enough in a 1992 study, one in six couples were found to be infertile (Blank & Merrick, 1995). This statistic has held static since the 1980's but had been previously increasing. In looking at just the United States it has been estimated that infertility affects approximately 2.8 million couples out of the 600 million Americans who are of reproductive age (Infertility Tests, 1996). Contrary to what most believe to be true, infertility is caused by as many men as by women. In fact, about 40% of cases are att... ... middle of paper ... ...ialethics/Bioethics/ReproductiveTechnologies/sld001.htm(October 16, 1999). "Infertility: Potential Causes." (1997-1999). Baby Center. http://www.babycenter.com/refcap/4088.html. (October 16, 1999). "Infertility Tests: Men & Women." (1996). Better Health and Medical. http://www.betterhealth.com/HK/ArticleMain/0,1349,178-496-300,00.htm. (October 4, 1999). Nelson, James. (1973). Human Medicine: Ethical Perspectives on New Medical Issues. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House. Rogers, J. R. (Ed). (1988). Medical ethics-human choices. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. Thomasma, D. C. & Kushman, T. (eds.). (1996). Birth to death. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wekesser, Carol. (ed.). (1996). Reproductive technologies. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. Yoder, Monroe. (1998). "Technology assisted reproduction." Biology Senior Seminar Student Papers.
more likely to get involved then others, and finally it explains how the theory can be
Life is a roller-coaster to a destination unknown. As we grow up we dream and plan our lives which involve our careers, families, and our future lifestyles. Unfortunately not everything we plan comes true there are bumps and hurdles in life. Some just make us stumble while others are crippling. One of those crippling wonders of life is known as Infertility. Infertility is defined as “not being able to become pregnant after a year of trying. If a woman can get pregnant but keeps having miscarriages or stillbirths, this too is known as Infertility” (NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development). It is a growing problem, year after year the number of people effected increase. “Infertility affects 80 million people worldwide” (Peddie,Porter). I am of that eighty- million, so is my sister, and my mother. To the many people that suffer from Infertility it is personal, affects the community nationally, and needs our understanding.
Liberty, simply put, is the freedom to choose and act. It is also the freedom from oppression. Equality is defined as “the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability.”(1) In Liberal ideology, both of these words are heavily debated as to what is intended by liberty or equality. For example,
Medicalization, and the societal pressures that drive it, make the decision to seek infertility treatment involuntary for women. By living in a society where the social norm is that motherhood makes you complete, it is difficult to imagine that a woman can make a truly voluntary decision free from internal or external pressures. Although Forsythe’s literature review did present multiple perspectives on the issue of medicalization, it is important to note that none of these perspectives were from women who had chosen to seek infertility
In this paper I will argue that Kuhn’s defense on the two charges against his view is good although it does have weak spots in them. When Kuhn came out with his book The Structure of Scientific Revolution in 1962, it became quite controversial. There is one specific charge that was held against Kuhn’s view that his view makes it seems that theory change is merely a matter of “mob psychology.” In response to all the critical things that were said about his book, Kuhn wrote The Essential Tension in 1972, within this book he defended his view against the charge in the chapter “Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice.” While his defenses against these charges are acceptable, they are no where iron clad strong and do have a few weak spots in them.
McGee, Glenn and Arthur L. Caplan. "Medical Ethics." Microsoft® Encarta® 98 Encyclopedia. © 1993-1997: Microsoft Corporation. CD-ROM.
Infertility is a problem many couples have been facing for years. Infertility occurs in about one in ten people in the United States (Rowland). Many couples long to have their own biological children. Thankfully, In Vitro Fertilization is an alternative route for couples coping with infertility can turn to in order to start a family. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is the most effective reproduction technology that is used in today’s world to help couples have children (In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Side Effects and Risks). Each year, IVF is given credited for about one percent of the births in the United States (Rowland). IVF is a notable medical advancement in
In order to understand how the government is addressing the issues of reproductive technologies, it is important to discuss how these issues are viewed by society. The inability to have one's own biological children is the key demand of couples that require the use of reproductive technologies. Some Canadians feel that infertility is a dysfunction of the body and should be regarded as a medical condition (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/nrgt/chapt-3.pdf). Other Canadians define infertility as a social condition because they believe the desire to have children results from the social pressure placed on married couples, particularly women, to bear children (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/nrgt/chapt-3.pdf). In an effort to allow infertile couples to produce their own biological children, new reproductive technologies are being introduced.
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) describes infertility as the result of a disease (an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs) of the male or female reproductive tract which prevents the conception of a child or the ability to carry a pregnancy. Unless things such as medical history or physical symptoms are found, it is suggested to not have an infertility evaluation for about 12 months of having unprotected intercourse with failure to conceive (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, n.d.). One in eight American couples will experience infertility and over 1.1 million women will undergo fertility treatments in a given year.
This discussion provides information about the causes, diagnosis, and treatments on infertility. Infertility, a condition whereby a couple, unable to conceive despite engaging in twelve months of unprotected sexual intercourse. This medical and social problem affecting both men and women in the developed and developing countries like Singapore, China, and India. “Over the years, infertility has emerged as one of the fastest growing health problems that are of paramount concern. Research evidence showed that women with infertility experienced similar levels of anxiety and depression as those with chronic illnesses (Yuit).” Women undergoing various treatments such as the traditional Chinese medicine or acupuncture have an 11 out of 25 probability
Advertisements and magazines portray similar body image and beauty standards. This is an interesting problem because everyone can get affected by this ideal image and even worse, influenced by these unnatural photos of models to the point where they desire to become like them. Many actions have been done against manipulated images: an anorexic survivor starts a petition against photo manipulation (Hodges, 2015), multiple surveys done regarding the impacts produced by photo manipulation and also an experiment asking graphic designers from different countries to use Photoshop in order to show their country’s definition of beauty (CTV News, 2015). I am motivated in producing this project because I was a victim of wanting a slim body as shown in magazines and advertisements. I feel that it is important for people to understand and overcome the influences that photo manipulation has toward our idea of an ideal body. I want to let others learn to appreciate and love themselves more and not just see themselves in the mirror and feel disgusted by their
The research which is related to some abstract idea of theory is known as ….
Although infertility is a significant problem in the United States today, “artificial reproductive technologies” are often avoided due to negative perceptions (Barbieri 203). In 2005 10 percent of American couples were infertile. There are numerous causes that sometimes can be avoided. When there is no way to fix it, there are ways to treat it.
Raff, D. M. G. and Summers L. H. 1987. Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages? Journal of Labor Economics [online], 5 (4), 57-86. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2534911
Gender is socially constructed; people all intend to see themselves in the mirror of gender based on what they were taught right from their childhood, and how they were treated and what they saw in other adults around them, the same or opposite gender