Analysis of Accra and Tronto´s Transportation System

Mobility and Employment

Apart from the urbanization that is taking place across all nations, the management theory of organization structure has also evolved drastically over the past century (Hall et al., 2012). Historically, centralization was once the dominating way of structuring an organization, which was denoted by the division of labour and its efficiency in completing the assigned tasks in separated and departmentalized functions, whereas a decentralized organization empowered her employees with decision-making across different level of organizational hierarchy. It is increasingly common for companies employing a decentralized decision-making approach, due to market forces such as competition, shift of consumer preferences, and technological advances. Proponents argued “only through the participation of employees in the decision-making process is it possible substantially to enhance the organization’s performance” (Carroll and Karim, 2011). In response to this contemporary management belief, companies begins to modify their job descriptions to meet the various skill sets one would need in an empowered role. The multi-facets job requirement has an implication to the importance of mobility, as an employee might be required to work in remote sites, as supposed to a centralized office, to perform his day-to-day duties. For instance of Toronto, where many financial services headquarters reside, sees many workers with a higher needs of travelling. A regular retail banker may no longer sits in his office all day, but to visit prospective clients, participate in investment roadshows from business partners, or attain managerial meetings at a different branch location.

Furthermore, It is well to stress that the urban renewal poli...

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... social services. The improvement of transportation and infrastructure should be the goal of local policy-makers. By establishing a more comprehensive transportation services in the low-income area, subway and transportation will attract new businesses in the local area where previously inaccessible. Meanwhile, it introduces positive economic implications such as job creations and business expansions. The new transportation stations will require maintenance from new employees like maintenance worker, cleaning workers and train operators, whereas business owners can consider the probable investment opportunities now that these remote locations would generate a consistent flow of commuters. Hence, improving public transportation can increase the urban poor’s accessibility to employment, social services and leads to polarization reduction and increasing social equity.