Magnesium is a vital mineral involved with many cellular and metabolic functions. As the most abundant cation in the human body, magnesium is essential to cell proliferation, protein synthesis and energy production (Wolf, et al 2007). Among its many functions, magnesium plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth (Ruben, 1975). As such, the relationship between magnesium and the proliferation and growth of tumor cells has been the subject of numerous studies.
Cellular growth, cell cycle proteins and the role of magnesium.
Harry Rubin, who conducted many studies on the role of magnesium, found that the rate of protein synthesis is highly sensitive to availability of intracellular magnesium (Ruben, 2007). His 2007 study found that increased or decreased levels of Mg2+ altered the rates of cellular proliferation for several hours (Ruben, 2007).
There are four phases in the cycle of cellular division including the M phase (mitosis and cell division), G1 phase, S phase (DNA replication) and G2 phase (Tsihlias, et al 1999). Progression through these phases is regulated by a family of proteins called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (Tsihlias, et al 1999). Activation or inactivation of cyclin-CDK complexes regulates movement through the cell cycle (Sgamboto et al, 1999 and Sherr and Roberts 1995).
Cell cycle progression is promoted by two families of enzymes, D cyclins (D1-3) and cyclin E (Wolf and Trapani, 2008 and Nabel, 2002). These enzymes are activated in the G1 phase and promote cell progression through S phase.(Wolf and Trapani, 2008 and Nabel, 2002).
Negative regulator proteins include those in the CIP/KIP family specifically p21cip1 and p27kip1 which prevent progression from G1 to S phase (Wolf and Trapani,...
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Magnesium is an important element necessary healthy bones and teeth. The use of all muscles, and nerves convert it into energy for daily living. It is also instrumental in maintaining adequate levels of calcium in the blood. Having a therapeutic magnesium level helps prevent cardiovascular disease and reduces the risk of bone loss. The body of the adult human contains about 2000 mEq of Mg. Half of this amount stays within the skeleton and the other half in soft tissues (Wacker and Parisi 1968). The normal concentration in the blood is somewhere in the ranges of 1.7-2.3 mg/dL (Magnesium, 2013)
Specifically “TP53, p16INK4A, and SMAD4. The p53 nuclear protein activates transcription of a cyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. Following genomic stress, inappropriate growth factor stimulation or expression of oncogenic ras increased expression of p53, and thus p21WAF1/CIP1 resulted in inactivation of specific CDK/cyclin complexes” (MedScape). If this transformed cell can escape internal and external fail-safe mechanisms, receive nutrients, and activate its proliferative program, it can form a mass of cancerous cells. Tumor growth can cause the loss of pancreatic functions. Another characteristic of pancreatic cancer is metastasis happens early in tumor growth, which is most likely responsible for pancreatic cancer’s aggressive
Most fibromyalgia patients suffer pain and hence the main reason of becoming sleepless. Little that people know that lack of sleep leads to magnesium deficiency as sleep disturbance impact the secretion of growth hormone. This essential hormone aids in the insulin growth factor or the IGF-1 which is very important in tissue repair. It also influences the magnesium levels within the cells. It’s crucial to look into the levels of magne...
Chemotherapy is the treatment of a tumor with chemical agents to reduce mass or eradicate a tumor completely. There are certain mechanisms by which chemotherapy inhibits cancer. The first mechanism is cell death by cytotoxicity. Some chemical agents in certain amounts are toxic to cells. The cells die due to the toxic...
...the activation of MAP kinases (Block et al., 2003). MAPK pathway influence regulation and transformation processes of cell growth (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000). Studies of oxidative stress mechanisms have shown that MAP kinases may be associated with the pathogenesis of diseases related to oxidative stress (Thannickal and Fanburg, 2000).
... over normal proliferating cells (Figure 1) It is important to target events taking place at the same time in the cell cycle in order to boost effectiveness of the arrest and the results. In addition, it is important to characterize tumors precisely in order to clarify where the deficiencies on the cell cycle control are accrued and which of the phases have to be targeted for successful therapy. Furthermore, in the future, identification of new tumor specific isoenzymes will be necessary to characterize the cell cycle accurately and comprehend the differences between normal cells and cancer cells for the design of novel anticancer therapies (Diaz-Moralli, et al. 2013).
The cell cycle is the process by which cells progress and divide. In normal cells, the cell cycle is controlled by a complex series of signaling pathways by which a cell grows, replicates it’s DNA and divides, these are called proto-oncogenes. A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations. This process has mechanisms to ensure that errors are corrected, if they are not, the cells commit suicide (apoptosis). This process is tightly regulated by the genes within a cell’s nucleus. In cancer, as a result of genetic mutations, this process malfunctions, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Mutations in proto-oncogene or in a tumour suppressor gene allow a cancerous cell to grow and divide without the normal control imposed by the cell cycle. A change in the DNA sequence of the proto-oncogene gives rise to an oncogene, which
Magnesium is probably the most important nutrient for that energy powerhouse, the heart. It is very helpful for the heart muscle to function properly. Magnesium also helps protect blood vessels, which is where most of heart diseases happen (NIH, 2013). Magnesium is also a natural blood thinner, so doctors believe that it may help with preventing a heart attack or a stroke. Scientists have shown that magnesium levels are very low in people with diabetes, type 2. So, people with higher magnesium levels do not develop diabetes. This means, Magnesium can also help prevent the development of diabetes and also taking a supplement of magnesium seems to help reverse pre-diabetes (Heller, 2012).
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires series of mutation during cell division to develop, it has characteristics which can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells own make it hard to find single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies on developing drugs which target cancer cells in the hope to cure cancer once and for all.
This essay is all about the Element Magnesium. Magnesium is one of the wider known Elements from the periodic table and, as stated in the following essay, is very good for the human body, especially the muscles. It is also one that has been put in to a few different forms to be easier to take as a supplement. This is one of the points discussed in the following essay, as well as these other points; the history of Magnesium and its discovery, places you will find it such as food or other sources, its uses, plus potential health benefits and harms.
Cancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.
Aim: The aim of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
Zinc is present in all body tissues and fluids, with a total content ranging from (1.5-2.5gm) [8]. It has a key role in the normal physiology of the human body with various functions as a catalytic and structural component of various proteins[9]. Furthermore, It works as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent and signaling mediator contributing to its vital roles in immunity, wound healing, and tissue repair.[10, 11]
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is used extensively for prevention and treatment of eclamptic seizure (1, 2) and is considered as the ideal anti–convulsant drug in preeclampsia and eclampsia (3). The effect of Magnesium sulphate in vitro and in vivo on relaxing human uterine contractility was widely reported. Magnesium has a calcium antagonist effect that decreases calcium intracellular concentration and inhibits contraction process (4-6).