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Effects of pollution on human health essay
Effects of pollution on human health essay
Effects of pollution on human health essay
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Imidazolinone herbicides are extensively used in recent years to control the growth of weeds in rice field area and improve its productivity. The herbicide used in the rice field is the combination of imazapyr (17.5%) and imazapic (52.5%) from the imidazolinone family plus inert ingredient (30%). Its persistence in soil media may pose severe ecological and human impacts through drifting or leaching. Since dietary intake is the main route for human exposure, fish can be the main contributor to the herbicide intake in human beings. Several studies have demonstrated a clear correlation between the frequency of fish consumption and the level of contaminant in human tissues, serum and milk.
In general, the determination of these herbicides in fish involves extraction of the analytes, removal of co-extracted lipids, concentration and chromatographic analysis. The most crucial steps are the extraction of target analytes from the bulk of the matrix and clean-up of the analytes from the matrix co-extractives. To date several extraction techniques have been applied such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-liquid extraction (SLE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE).
Another extraction method of interest is solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques which is capable of extracting the polar compounds like the imidazolinone herbicide. SPE technique have been proven successful to determine imazapyr, imazathapyr, imazaquin, imazamox in water and soil media only. However, to our knowledge, no extraction method has been fully developed...
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...erbicides. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www.epa.gov/caddis/ssr_herb_int.html
Ulbrich, A. V., J. R. P. Souza, et al. (2009). "Persistence and Carryover Effect of Imazapic and Imazapyr in Brazilian Cropping Systems1."
Wang, D., Yu, W., et al. (2013). “ Organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake, China, and associated human health risk assessment.” .” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 98: 383-389
Wu, C-X., Wang, J-J., et al. (2011). “Adsorption and Desorption of Methiopyrsulfuron in Soils.” Pedosphere 21(3):380-388
Wu, C., Zhang, S., et al. (2011). “Adsorption and desorption herbicide monosulfuron-ester in Chinese soils.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 23(9): 1524-1532
Yania, D., and Elsharkawy, E. E. (2014). “Multi pesticide and PCB residues in Nile tilapia and catfish in Assiut city, Egypt.” Science of the Total Environment 466-467: 306-314
Añasco, N., Uno, S., Koyama, J., Matsuoka, T., Kuwahara, N. (2010): Assessment of pesticide residues in freshwater areas affected by rice paddy effluents in Southern Japan.
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Groundwater is usually held in porous soil or rock materials, much the same way water is held in a sponge. The source of much of the world's drinking water is ground water. When pesticides are sprayed on crops, where do the pesticides go after they are applied to the crops? They soak into the ground where the roots can pick up the pesticide. That further proves my point that pesticides soak into the ground.
Ronad A. Hites, Jeffery A. Foran, David O. Carpenter, M. Coreen Hamilton, Barbara A. Knuth, Steven J. Schwager (2004) study: Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon, Science 303:226-229.
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Evidence provided to support these claims of human and wildlife harm is largely from laboratory studies in which large doses are fed to test animals, usually rats or mice, and field studies of wildlife species that have been exposed to the chemicals mentioned above. In laboratory studies, high doses are required to give weak hormone activity. These doses are not likely to be encountered in the environment. However the process of bioaccumulation can result in top-level predators such as humans to have contaminants at levels many million times greater than the environmental background levels (Guilette 1994). In field studies, toxicity caused by endocrine disruption has been associated with the presence of certain pollutants. Findings from such studies include: reproductive disruption in starfish due to PCBs, bird eggshell thinning due to DDT, reproductive failure in mink, small penises in alligators due to DDT and dicofol (Guillette 1994, Colburn et al 1996). In addition, a variety of reproductive problems in many other species are claimed to be associated with environmental contamination although the specific causative agents have not been determined. One recent discovery that complicates the situation is that there are many naturally occurring "phytoestrogens", or chemicals of plant origin that exhibit weak estrogenic properties.
...ively place the suspect or perpetrator behind bars. Analyzing soil compounds can be measured by the levels of organic molecules including n-alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, which are all found in the waxy outer layer of plant matter (Geddes, 2008). It basically states that compounds can remain in the soil for thousands of years, which explains that each area being tested has its unique organic profile.
Chemicals - Spray Drift. n.d. 10 April 2014. Monsanto. The. How Agriculture Is Connected to the Planet.
"Pesticides." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 July 2005. Web. 20 May 2011. .
Frequency of application is defined as how often an insecticide is used that influence resistance development. Resistance can happen in many ways such as met...
The new chemicals which are produced to kill these strong pests and weeds may be more harmful to other plants and remove nutrients within the soil, in turn reducing the yield of agricultural crops. The benefits of these characteristics are seen in Argentina according to Pelletier (2010) as they use glyphosphate resistant soybean which allowed the comeback of this crop, as the soil was severely damaged from monoculture (The cultivation of a single crop in a defined area).... ... middle of paper ... ...
There are 2.5 billion pounds of pesticides being applied to agricultural products each year in the United States. This is ten times more than was applied forty years ago. It is still unknown as to what type of exact effects these chemicals may have on individuals. Some farmers that have been using pesticides in their fields and developed leukemia are finding that the cause of their disease is from inhaling pesticides. These chemicals are still in use today and most of them have never been tested for the short or long-term effects that they may have on humans.
There are many pathways available by which pharmaceutical waste can find its way into our river, lakes, and groundwater. It has also become a growing concern because it harms the environment as a whole along with its various ecosystems. However, researchers have tried to find methods that can be implemented to eliminate this growing issue, and more tests have been done through the years to ensure a positive result in the water quality. Many scientists and researchers have been testing samples of water in rivers, surface water and wastewater plants all across the world to ensure that the pharmaceutical waste present in the water does not rise to a level at which it becomes extremely hazardous to the aquatic environment, agricultural livestock and ourselves.
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.
by some our land and this is an issue when spreading herbicides and slurry in particular. A