USE OF HEMOGLOBIN A1C TO DIAGNOSE DIABETES
Introduction
In 2009 the International Expert Committee, which consisted of experts from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation, released a report that recommended the use of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2013; International Expert Committee, 2009). HbA1c is a widely used marker of chronic glycemia, because it reflects an individual’s average blood glucose levels over a 2-3 month time period (ADA, 2013). Also, HbA1c is largely used as the standard biomarker for the adequacy of individuals’ glycemic management (ADA, 2013; Bao et al., 2010).
The ADA supports the decision made by the International Expert Committee for using the HbA1c threshold of ≥ 6.5% as a diagnosis of diabetes (ADA, 2013; International Expert Committee, 2009). The cut point of 6.5% is associated with an inflection point for the prevalence of retinopathy, just as are the diagnostic thresholds for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) (ADA, 2013; Bao et al., 2010; International Expert Committee, 2009). Before the report form the International Expert Committee was released diabetes was diagnosed using FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl (Carson, Reynolds, Fonseca, & Munter, 2010).
HbA1c has been suggested as a useful test for diabetes screening and diagnosis because it does not require fasting, it has less intraindividual variability, and it may better predict diabetes-related complications (Kramer, Araneta, & Barrett-Connor, 2010). Since fasting is not required for HbA1c testing the test can be done at any time, which makes diagnosing diabetes on the same day possib...
... middle of paper ...
...A1c: Should recommendations in adults be extrapolated to adolescents? The Journal of Pediatrics, 158, 947-952.
Nowicka, P., Santoro, N., Liu, H., Lartaud, D., Shaw, M. M., Goldberg, R., Guandalini, C.,
Savoye, M., Rose, P., & Caprio, S. (2011). Utility of hemoglobin A1c for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in obese children and adolescents.
Vehik, K., Cuthbertson, D., Boulware, D., Beam, C. A., Rodriguez, H., Legault, L., Hyytinen,
M., Rewers, M. J., Schatz, D. A., & Krischer, J. P. (2012). Performance of HbA1c as an early diagnostic indicator of type 1 diabetes in children and youth. Diabetes Care, 35, 1821-1825.
Van’t Riet, E., Alssema, M., Rijkelijkhuizen, J. M., Kostense, P. J., Hijpels, G., & Dekker, J. M.
(2010). Relationship between A1C and glucose levels in the general Dutch population: The new hoorn study. Diabetes Care, 33, 61-66.
Tadić, A., Wagner, S., Hoch, J., Başkaya, Ö., von Cube, R., Skaletz, C., ... & Dahmen, N. (2009).
Van Nuffelen, G., De Bodt, M., Vanderwegen, J., Van de Heyning, P., & Wuyts, F. (2010).
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C.
Diabetes is a disease that is very common in the world. Early detection of diabetes can significantly decrease the risk of it getting worse throughout a person’s life. There are symptom...
Tackett, J. L., Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C., Waldman, I., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2013).
Ottenberg, A. L., Wu, J. T., Poland, G. A., Jacobson, R. M., Koenig , B. A., & Tilburt, J. C.
Glucose is a sugar that plays a big part in a human’s health and well-being. This sugar is a major source of energy for the body’s brain and cells. The Cells that receive energy from glucose help in the building of the body’s muscle and tissue. Although glucose may be important to the body too much of this sugar can cause a chronic condition called Diabetes. Diabetes, also known as Diabetes mellitus, is a chronic condition that is caused by too much sugar in the blood. This condition can affect all age groups. In fact, in 2010 a survey was taken by the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, on the number of newly diagnosed diabetes. Out of 1,907,000 people: 24.38% were ages 20-44, 55.17% were ages 45-64, and 20.45% were ages 65 and greater. Diabetes is a very serious condition, and it can be deadly if left untreated. This paper will help better educate the reader on the signs and symptoms, the testing process, and the management of diabetes.
Kobau, R., Zack, M. M., Manderscheid, R., Palpant, R. G., Morales, D. S., Luncheon, C., et al.
United States. (2011). Type 1 Diabetes Research: Real Progress and Real Hope for a Cure. Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, United States Senate, of the One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, June 24, 2009. Washington, DC: Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011
Diagnose for Diabetes Type 2, you’ll be given a Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) test, a random blood sugar test, a fasting blood sugar test, and an oral glucose tolerance test. Men are slightly at higher risk of developing diabetes than women, but age, excess weight, ( at waist), family history, physical inactivity & poor diet are also significant risk factors for the illness. Asian Americans are almost twice as likely to develop diabetes. More than 95% are diagnosed with type 2
Schreuder, Jolanda A. H.; Roelen, Corné A. M.; van Zweeden, Nely F.; Jongsma, Dianne; van der Klink, Jac J. L.; Groothoff, Johan W.
That is to say that “People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia” (“Diagnosis”). In order to seek the proper care for diabetes, patients must undergo: distinguishing its symptoms, classifying if it is pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes, and the proper treatment.
Barker, V., Giles, H., Hajek, C., Ota, H., Noels, K., Lim, T-S., & Somera, L. (2008).
2018). It is recommended to be measured at least every 3 months when glycaemic targets are not being met and when diabetes therapy is being adjusted or changed. However, testing at 6-month intervals may be considered in situations where glycaemic targets are achieved consistently (Berard et al. 2018). Ideal HbA1c targets in type 1 diabetes are <7.5% for children and adolescents. If one is not on medication and not having symptoms of hypoglycaemia and A1C is low, that means BGL is well controlled. However, Tony is on medications and have experienced episodes of hypoglycaemia. Therefore, A1C testing is needed, and with the result, Tony's doctor should adjust his medication (Berard et al.
In our society today, the number of people diagnosed with diabetes is increasing. Diabetes is caused by many factors, like genetics, inactivity, and obesity. With obesity on the rise in our country, so is diabetes, especially in young children. With the fattening and unhealthy foods provided by fast food chains and grocery stores, children are the ones that diabetes affects the most, causing them to have higher chances of being diagnosed with diabetes. According to Kim and Lee (2008), the rates of childhood obesity have tripled over the past three decades.