Introduction
Urbanization: The process by which more and more people leave the countryside to live in cities (Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary). Sustainable development: The ability of an activity or development to continue in the long term without undermining that part of the environment which sustains it (Scottish Natural Heritage, 1993). The process of urbanization and the population growth across the world has been increasing over the last 40 years, and it is expected to happen in the developing countries' urban areas. Kurdistan is a developing country; before Kurdistan region was not as developed as it is now, and it still needs more development. Kurdistan is considered as a 3rd world country, and that was because the central governments of Iraq did not give enough attention to this region like they did to Baghdad, Mosul and Basra. That is why; this region became less developed than the rest of Iraq. When the region became under the Kurdish authority they tried hard to develop and give special attention to the region and especially Erbil since it is the capital of the region. Only in a few years the KRG region developed dramatically, before Erbil used to have one public university (Salahaddin University) and now it has many universities; institutions, private universities. This is considered as a great educational development for the Kurds. People now are more educated and have a better life in comparison to the past. As a developing country KRG region has many problems in general also problems concerning the urbanization, because the majority of the population is gathered in three main cities, and this causes lots of problems to the people in the cities. Also to the people who are living in the rural are...
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Conclusion
This essay clearly identified three problems of urbanization within the KRG region and to what extent each one of these problems can be solved by policies of sustainable development. However, not all the solutions can be applicable in the Kurdistan region consequently; while some can be very well applicable. All in all, most of the problems can be solved by the government since the budget of this region is in their hands. Kurdistan is an arable region, also has lots of many oil wells, all these are concerned with nature, so the government should make good use of these resources. Moreover, these problems can also be solved by appropriate planning, getting help from expert foreigners, and spending a great deal of time on such these issues. Even though the people's contribution is a must but that is just a part of the solution.
The problems caused by the urbanization phenomenon also deal with the decreased quality of health care and medicine provision for the mass people in the cities. The negative effects of urbanization are scaring the people, and many of them choose to turn back from the urban places to previous places where they lived. Nevertheless, not everything about urbanization tends to be perceived in the dark light. For example, urbanization brings the growth and development of commercial activities and contributes to the social and cultural integration. Respectively, this phenomenon cannot only be viewed as the negative one but should also be regarded for its positive impacts. To achieve this, the people need to find out the ways of bringing forward the benefits of urbanization and reducing its negative impacts on the lives of
Beall, Joe. Basudeb, Khasnobis. Kanbur, Ravi. Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2010.
The Kurdish people are mainly made up of Sunni Muslim people. Most of the Kurdish people live in the area of Turkey, Iraq and Iran. Before World War I, the Kurdish life was very nomadic and revolved mostly of sheep and goats. During the early 20th century, The Kurds started to become nationalistic. The treaty of serves that was signed in the 1920, gave all of the Middle East countries there freedom. The Kurds were brutally treated by the Turkish government and people. The Kurdish have been fighting a very uphill battle ever since these countries got there freedom.
Kurdistan is a region that has existed in turmoil and is the “never was” country. The Kurds are the fourth largest ethnic group of the Middle East, numbering between 20 and 25 million. Approximately 15 million live in the regions of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, an area they called Kurdistan, yet they do not have a country of their own. Formal attempts to establish such a state were crushed by the larger and more powerful countries in the region after both world wars. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I, the Kurds were promised their own independent nation under the Treaty of Sevres. In 1923 however, the treaty was broken allowing Turkey to maintain its status and not allowing the Kurdish people to have a nation to call their own. The end of the Gulf war, Iran-Iraq war, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the end of the cold war has reinvigorated a Kurdish Nationalist movement.
Dating back to the Ottoman Empire, tensions between the Kurds and the state were apparent. As the Republic of Turkey developed, a strong sense of nationalism engulfed the country, which led to the oppression of many non-Turkish elements of society. Through this oppression we see attempts in the 1920’s and 1930’s at Kurdish autonomy with the eventual development of the PKK in 1978. With the first armed attack against Turkish soldiers in 1984 we see the issue gaining pace and becoming more severe. The Kurdish problem has claimed the lives of around 35,000 people, displaced even more, and has created economic and political problems not only domestically, but also internationally. Becoming one of Turkeys most important security issues, there have been attempts at peace on multiple occasions, but until now they were to no avail. This essay attempts to address various aspects of the Kurdish Problem; the domestic implications the Kurdish problem has created, such as the political disarray that develops when discussing the creation of pro-Kurdish parties, their opposition, and their inability to have any form of success within the government. The “terror problem.” The economic impact associated with regions most closely related to the Kurdish people. International implications dealing with Turkey, it’s neighbors, and the United States. Syria and Iraq are essential to discuss when dealing with the Kurdish problem because they add greater context to an issue that spans along the borders of multiple states. Furthermore, this essay will conclude with a discussion of the resolution attempts to the decades long dilemma such as recent developments, expectations by both sides, and prospects for the future.
Again, this section will give a working definition of the “urban question’. To fully compare the political economy and ecological perspectives a description of the “urban question” allows the reader to better understand the divergent schools of thought. For Social Science scholars, from a variety of disciplines, the “urban question” asks how space and the urban or city are related (The City Reader, 2009). The perspective that guides the ecological and the social spatial-dialect schools of thought asks the “urban question” in separate distinct terminology. Respected scholars from the ecological mode of thinking, like Burgess, Wirth and others view society and space from the rationale that geographical scope determines society (The City Reader, 2009). The “urban question” that results from the ecological paradigm sees the relationship between the city (space) as influencing the behaviors of individuals or society in the city. On the other hand...
Located on the territory of two continents Turkey represents both, Asian and European, cultures. It occupies the area of 783,562 sq. km, which includes water and borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Iraq, Iran and Syria. The geographical characteristic of Turkey is the location at the crossings of important roads connecting Europe with Asia and the Black Sea countries to the Mediterranean Sea countries. The water system, including the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, is an important international way that connects the Black Sea to the World Ocean. One of the most beautiful and biggest cities in the world, Istanbul, (formerly Constantinople) is located in the southern part of the Bosporus. Railroads and highway routes throughout the Turkey connect Europe with many other countries.
The United States was very much a rural state in the past and it took us a long time to change and become an urban majority than a rural one. The United States began shifting from rural to urban around 1910 through 1920 and surprisingly is still shifting to this day. Rural culture is nothing to be looked down upon but the benefits from urban areas outweigh the rural in many aspects. Without the rise of urbanization we would not be the colony and superpower we are today.
result of World War One. The people of Kurdistan went from being part of the Ottoman empire to being divided into four countries and three distinct ethnicities namely Arabs, Persians, and Turks. The new nations of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria were formed at the expense of the identity of the Kurds whom were natives to their ancestral land. Throughout history, the Kurds have been constantly oppressed within their “countries” by gassings in Halabja, and Turkey’s constant massacres; as recent as 2011, and the current complex war in Syria. The United States of America must establish a better communications policy with the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG),
Urbanization is a common phenomenon in a country, particularly developing countries such as Indonesia. Urbanization occurs due to factors push and pull that causes people switching to another area. The dominant factor is the economic problem. The reason people move from one area to another in order to increase the community's economy and find better economic resources. It usually occurs in rural communities who migrated to urban area, because they expect a good job there and in urban area able to give their lives more colorful, and hope recording for better pay and higher if living in a urban area. Some factors pointed to drive increased urbanization, such as: First, differences in growth and inequality between village
Urbanization is the movement from a rural society to an urban society, and involves a growth in the number of people in urban areas. Urban growth is increasing in both the developed but mostly in the developing countries. Urbanization is associated with the problems of unemployment, poverty, bad health, poor cleanliness, urban slums environmental deprivation. This causes a very big problem for these developing countries and who are some of poorest countries. Africa urbanization is not as big as most developing countries but is on the rise for it outbursts in city growth lately. (Saundry, 2008).
Chaffey, J. (1994). The challenge of urbanisation. In M. Naish & S. Warn (Eds.), Core geography (pp. 138-146). London: Longman.
On the other hand, urbanization in the developing countries differed from the process of urbanization in the West. In the Third World, throug...
Urban Development is the science of managing and directing city growth with respects to the discipline of land utilization planning which explores a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments. Urban development process is a highly complicated process containing various phases. As a main core of the process, urban design gives numbers of proposed plans that are called alternatives. It is worthy to mention that the decision making concerning differentiating between these alternatives is the most crucial phase of urban development process; as accordingly the adaptation and implantation of urban plans can take place. Urban projects have many problems that are surely affect
We all know the urbanization rate is an index to value the development of a country. However, though urbanization provides great convenience to some individuals, it also brings about negative effects. Problems such as pollution, overcrowded and the high unemployment appear during the process of urbanization and they are hard to cope with. In face of the sequence of problems, a new way of development ----sustainable development was put forward. Just like its literal meaning, the word sustainability has something to do with continuity. It was used since 1980s and first appeared in Britain law in 1993. Sustainable development can help solve parts of the problem caused by urbanization, including environmental damage, overuse of resources, and natural disasters.