NEW DIRECTIONS IN PLANNING THEORY
By
Susan S. Fainstein
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Generally, this chapter discussed about examination of three planning theory approaches which is the communicative model, the new urbanism and just city. Each approaches has different planning applicable as well as its strength and weakness. The communicative model is an approaches which highlighted the role of town planner as a medium to negotiate and persuade stakeholder regarding to planning matter. Next, the approaches of new urbanism is more focused on design and build physical features in planning urban development. Last but not least, the just city approaches concern to seek equality distribution of planning benefits toward private sector, government and society.
These approaches was more concern on concept of participation from stakeholders, governance and civil society in planning process as well as accepting differ view from society. Next, the theorist was categorized into two which is radical democrats and political economist. The concept of participation for just city was intend to involved different group of society which always have conflict of opinion because of different kind of interest. The involvement of different group of society and political economist will add on comprehensive value in the planning process. Generally, the theory of just city will value the participation in decision making by relatively powerless groups and equity result. The evaluation of outcome must taking consider of many aspect in order to provide fair benefits of planning. Perhaps, the aim of just city theory approaches was to taking considerable of entrepreneurial state that not only benefits welfare but also help generate increases of economy. Besides, the distribution of benefit must also happen fairly among different hierarch of social such as middle class and poor group. In perspective of just city, even if the principal outcome does not prior on economic benefits but result on improving the quality of environment, the economic limit should make possible action. Review on the case study in Amsterdam, the just city planning theory approaches seem applicable to the develop country with the goal of growth equity. These also can be supported by the democracy which involve public participation in decision making process. Therefore, just city in urban development is more concern on achieving a fair distribution of benefit for political, social, environment, economy and urban
I am black, I am a woman, growing up I was called “white girl.” As a black woman from sin city (Las Vegas, NV) the term urban did not describe my reality. Perception can be the only reality that you see in examining the lens of what is “urban”. What is urban? When the word urban comes to mind does it elicit emotions of privilege, pride or fear? Hunter; & Leonardo (2007) look at the term “urban” (particularly in the ghetto) they define it as both a “real” and “imaginary place” and divides the urban perspective into three distinctive categories of “space”: Urban is sophisticated, Urban is authentic, and Urban is a Jungle. Furthermore, from the text the author(s) argue, “daily constructions
Again, this section will give a working definition of the “urban question’. To fully compare the political economy and ecological perspectives a description of the “urban question” allows the reader to better understand the divergent schools of thought. For Social Science scholars, from a variety of disciplines, the “urban question” asks how space and the urban or city are related (The City Reader, 2009). The perspective that guides the ecological and the social spatial-dialect schools of thought asks the “urban question” in separate distinct terminology. Respected scholars from the ecological mode of thinking, like Burgess, Wirth and others view society and space from the rationale that geographical scope determines society (The City Reader, 2009). The “urban question” that results from the ecological paradigm sees the relationship between the city (space) as influencing the behaviors of individuals or society in the city. On the other hand...
Cities all over the world are developing. As war ended in 1942, a significant number of people move to the city because they want to improve life. This urbanization process is causing a number of problems and should be met by sustainable development policies. In the beginning, it is important to know the definition of sustainable development. There are some definitions for sustainable development, but simply they say that sustainable development is a development which using resources now and preserving them for future generations (Adams, 1999, p.137). This concept has been agreed internationally at a Rio Conference in 1992 to be implemented by all government policies which mostly known as “Agenda 21” principles (Adams, 1999, p.141). This paper will show that traffic jams and housing problems caused by urbanization can be met by sustainable development policies. The structure of this paper will first explain the situation that leads to traffic jams and housing problems. Next, it will elaborate the sustainable development solutions, implications for the solutions, and evaluations how effective the sustainable development solutions solved the problems.
The successful use of team practice aims to better serve respected stakeholders. In urban planning, the unity and cohesiveness of a finished work signifies professionalism and clarity, which can only be arrived from a great team. In order to achieve solidarity, good decision making tactics must be enforced. Decision making involves making a logical choice influenced by, and not limited to, facts and information, time, and emotions. These factors may be a sole factor or combined together. Thus, decision making aims to solve a problem. In regards to urban planning, decision making has great influence on the overall success or failure of a plan. This plan may involve key stakeholders or the public, regardless of what party is at stake, decision making must be based on rationality. This paper will examine four decision making practices: (1) decision by authority, (2) decision by majority vote/rule, (3) decision by averaging opinions, and (4) decision by consensus.
Planning is an approach towards the problem solving rationally. It can be taken as a remedial tool for creating change in the current situation in a systematic and efficient way. A problem in the planning profession will be The solution found by planners to varied situations in practice is very dependent on the certain criteria like social, economic, environmental, and political. The evaluation of a solution on these criteria defines the success of a solution. The new definition of the planning problems was given by Rittle and Webber in their path breaking article (Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning).
Second is, Limit of Town and to be specific it was about the size. The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also near open country. Third is, Amenities which an internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and
Development of megacities is increasing. This can be seen that 28 cities of 28 countries become megacities in 21 century. We focus on three kinds of development in megacities; they are economic development, human development, and sustainable development. Economic development concern on the improvement of economic activities to invest the consumption, human development concern on the individual matter such as self-development, the relations among human beings in all aspects, and human rights, and sustainable development concerns on economic, environmental and social objectives that should be balance between the needs of present and needs of future. And Jakarta is one of the examples of development of megacities in developing countries.
Urban Planning is about places for people. It is about their creation, their function, their maintenance and their improvement .Cities and towns are the basic building blocks of modern society, operating as centers of commerce and trade, government and politics, and knowledge and culture. Well- planned, efficient cities provide healthy and attractive environment for people to live, work and play.
In addition of principles, beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens, combining the very best of town and country living to create healthy homes in vibrant communities are important to garden city. Development is one of the principle which enhances the natural environment. Strong local cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighbourhoods are aimed to be making in the concept. Integrated and accessible transport systems in the neighbourhood are well-planned. The strategic approach to develop the city is most important things to do. The elements of garden city are divided into three which are physical concept, town has to own the greenbelts around it and each city has to be a self-governing. Physical concept is described as the building a self-contained garden city which would contain homes and jobs together, surrounded by generous green open space. It was to be built at reasonably high densities, but mix with very large amounts of public open space, particularly around the town centre, and a broad midway park. Town has to own the green belt around it which was to be managed not merely for agriculture, but for a
Bring reason and democracy to bear on capitalist urbanization, 2) Guide state decision making with technical...
Urbanization in developed countries in the West differs between the periods of before and after the Industrial Revolution. Before the revolution, the pre-capitalism cities were the center for government power and commercial activities. They emphasized communal living. However, together with the appearance of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism, cities experienced sudden increase of population. And, that increase caused socioeconomic change that the importance of communal living diminished and relationships became capitalistic. The traditional relationship between people changed to impersonal and instrumental social relationship.
Before I dive into the past history and how it transformed the topic of Geography, I would like to first define what geography is. Geography, in simple terms, is the “study of the world, both near and far” (Bonnett, 2008, p. 1). For the greater part of the human history, the term ‘geographical knowledge’ was coined to define the survival of the human population on the local level. Knowledge regarding the local landscape meant the difference between life and death. As societies grew, so did the push for advanced technology, not only were people growing food and raising livestock, but now they could now focus on more specialized skills. They started to explore their surroundings and came into contact with other groups of people, allowing humans
A city has to be beautiful, though the definition of “beauty” is so vague. The beauty can be physical, such as enjoyable parks, streetscapes, architectural facades, the sky fragment through freeways and trees; or it can be the beauty of livelihood, people, and history. As landscape architects, we are creating beautiful things or turning the unpleasant memorial.
With the development of urbanization, an increasing number of social problems have emerged. These problems will decelerate the urban development, however, there are many ways in which sustainable development can reduce the impact of these urbanization problems. “Sustainable development seeks to improve the quality of human life without undermining the quality of our natural environment” (Adams, W.M. 1999). Actually, sustainable development can partly solve the urbanization problems, for it can reduce the impact of the problems such as traffic jam, housing shortage and severe pollution, but it is difficult to completely solve these problems in a short time.
Wicked problems refer to socio-cultural difficulties that are impossible to solve due inadequacy of knowledge, large number of involved opinions of people, heavy effect on the economy, and the interlinked manner of the given problems to others. Wicked, in this context, represents something that opposes resolution. Various urban problems are persistent due to their wicked characteristics. This paper seeks to contextualize three wicked urban issues, namely, urban biodiversity, urban street planning, and urban smart cities, as reported in news articles. This will necessitate a better understanding of the specified wicked problems as a way of finding probable solutions.