II. INTRODUCTION
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) has been a topic of interest and research for well over a half-century, but Invariant Character Recognition (ICR), which is the recognition of characters written in different positions, orientations, and scales is still a challengeable problem. So far, many research groups have proposed different ICR techniques in the literatures. These methods can be generally divided into five groups: [1],[2] Optical techniques, [3],[4],[5] boundary-based analysis especially via Fourier descriptors, [6],[7],[8],[9] neural network models, [10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16] invariant moments, [17],[18],[19],[20] and finally, genetic algorithms. [21],[22],[23],[24]
Methods based on the optical techniques such as Scale, Translation, and In-plane Rotation (STIR) invariant transformations usually map an image (intensity function) into a one-dimensional (or even, multi-dimensional) frequency spectrum function. [3] Computer simulations have shown that optical techniques perform well, however, the major disadvantage of them is that they require heavy computational load. In boundary-based analysis methods, the boundary line of a two-dimensional object (character) is represented using a one-dimensional function, i.e. the Shape Signature. One of the common ways to obtain a shape signature is to combine the coordinates of the boundary points to the complex numbers. ( ) Since such a shape signature is a periodic signal, it can be projected to the frequency domain using the Fourier transform, the process that is called boundary-based description via Fourier transformation. [8] Although this technique has a low computation cost, but it cannot deal with disjoint shapes where singl...
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how strong and wise the tree is by all the patterns and age marks on the tree. Rings are features that can tell
will enable me to see a pattern in the shapes so I can make a table
Have you ever seen a dead body? Not many people have, but in The Body Finder Violet does nothing but see them. Violet sees “the girl’s face staring up from beneath the soil” (Derting 4) Ever since Violet has been discovering every dead thing that came across her path. Eventually a serial killer has made its home in her town. Violet has a drive to find the killer to give these girls peace. Violet would give her life to find this killer. She has a drive that no one else can understand. Kimberly Derting is trying to teach us that having a drive is needing to have determination, a need to succeed at any cost.
In this paper, we propose a new content-based image retrieval technique using Zernike chromaticity distribution momentsand rotation-scale invariant Contourlet texture feature, which achieves higher retrieval efficiency. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents Zernike chromaticity distribution color moments extraction. Section 3
Fourier transform is applied on digital images to interprets their content in terms frequency information. To illustrate, Flat areas, where the intensity is slowly changing, result in low frequencies. Rough areas, on the other hand, result in high frequencies because of the dramatic change in the intensity value. this paper discusses the impact of manipulating the frequency information of digital images and how the frequency spectrum can be used to address a real world situation.
The two points the author uses to enhance the message are visual petroglyphs or glyphs and multiple verbal references to past ancestors. Petroglyphs or glyphs are rock carving, in specific prehistoric ones. Due to the many references to these glyphs the reader get an enhanced visual experience which further enhances the author’s main message. This is the case because it allows the reader to instead of just reading about the time period; they are able to experience an in depth visual of the era due to the reference of the petroglyphs. Another point the author used to enhance the main message is by the usage of ancient people. Due to this the reader gets the idea that the author wants us to look back into the past, in specific the past of these
Feature extraction on the basis of principle lines: Any palm print have several principal lines in it, on the basis of these feature extraction is quiet useful for recognition and extraction of palm print recognition system.
[3] Jie Chen, Shiguang Shan, Guoying Zhao ‘a robust descriptor based on webers law’ 2008 ieee
Lyons et al. [6] Classifying facial attributes using a 2-D Gabor wavelet representation and discriminant analysis used a set of multi scale, multi orientation Gabor filters to transform the images first. The Gabor coef...
Examine the different kinds of leaves. Classify each according to the kind of leaf blades, kinds of leaf veins, Phyllotaxy, and leaf blade morphology.
This approach includes two processes, training and classification (Chelali, Djeradi & Dejradi, 2009). In the training process, a subspace will be established by using the training samples, and then the training faces will be projected onto the same subspace. In the classification process, the input face image will be measured by Euclidean Distance to the subspace, and a decision will be made, either accept or reject.
HAND, D. J., MANNILA, H., & SMYTH, P. (2001).Principles of data mining. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press.
When the output was what is now called a fractal, no one called it artificial... Fractals suddenly broadened the realm in which understanding can be based on a plain physical basis. (McGuire, Foreword by Benoit Mandelbrot) A fractal is a geometric shape that is complex and detailed at every level of magnification, as well as self-similar. Self-similarity is something looking the same over all ranges of scale, meaning a small portion of a fractal can be viewed as a microcosm of the larger fractal. One of the simplest examples of a fractal is the snowflake.
Handwritten signatures happens in different patterns and there is a great deal of dissimilarity signatures of people even of the same area with same language. Some used to just write their name while others follow certain pattern to represent their signature. Signatures done with complexity are however less vulnerable to forgery effects [7]. Also, the signatures are very much influenced by the thinking panorama of a person. There is a particular process on how a signature s generated. Signature has three attributes at minimum . They are pattern form, movement and variation, and since the signatures are produced by moving a pen on a paper, movement of pattern is the most important