rapid development of ultrafiltration for industrial processes is possible by the advent of anisotropic, high-flux membranes capable of distinguishing among molecular sizes of 10 A to 10 µ size ranges (Porter, 1972). The high molecular solute which flows through, but does not pass through the membrane is released as retentate (concentrate). The solution that passes through the membrane is known as permeate, which is shown Figure 1. This figure demonstrates the basic structure of a hollow membrane where
VD = 318.82886 kg/hr *Equation of Top Operating Line y = (L/V)x + (1-(L/V))xD = (RACT / RACT +1)x + (1/ RACT +1)(0.97) = 0.912779x + 0.084605 *Distillate Rate R = (V-D)/D = 10.4651 318.82886 (kg/hr) - D = 10.4651D D = 27.808642 (kg/hr) R = L/D = 10.4651 * 27.808642 (kg/hr) = L L = 291.02022 (kg/hr) *Bottoms Flow Rate L/V = R (z -xB) + q (xD - xB) R(z -xB) + q(xD-xB) -(xD-z) z= Feed mole fraction of ethanol q= 1 (feed assumes to be liquid) L/V = 10.4651(0
utilized to force flow of a slurry solution through a filter medium of cross-sectional area A. Out the top of the filter, flows a volume, V, of filtrate. A filter cake, of length L, forms on the bottom of the filter medium. The figure is drawn at time t in the filtration cycle. Figure 1.1 – Vertical Pressure Leaf Apparatus Setup. The filter cake that forms on the bottom of the filter medium can be modeled as a packed bed of particles. As such, the Carmen-Kozeny relation for laminar flow in a packed
rivers with rough cross section, big boulders and turbulent flow. An electrical conductivity (EC) meter was used for discharge measurement. Salt dilution method is particularly used for measurement of flow in mountainous stream and any other sites where high degree of turbulence exists to ensure complete mixing of injected solution in the pre-determined length of the channel. Under such condition of flow, the conventional approach to flow gauging such as current meter or calibrated structure are not
Methods: Run the system with only one pipe opened, and repeat for each pipe after waiting until steady-state. And run the system with all three pipes opened to test the full range of the pump flow. Record pump inlet and outlet pressure, piping system inlet and outlet pressure, flow rate through the pipe, flow rate through the recycle stream, and power consumption by the pump motor during the process. Planned data collection and summary of expected results At the end of this experiment, we will obtain
experiment using hydrochloric acid of concentration exactly 2.00M as a reagent. Equipment: I will need a burette, 25ml pipette, pipette pump, white tile, clamp stand, boss head, clamp, 250ml limewater, phenolphthalein, 100ml hydrochloric acid, volumetric flask, distilled water, conical flasks, safety gear and a calculator. Safety: Throughout this experiment normal lab rules will apply with safety gear to be worn at all times e.g. goggles and lab coat, also due to fact we are using hazardous
The Formula of Succinic Acid Succinic acid is a diprotic, which means it donates two protons per molecule. Succinic acid can be completely neutralised by sodium hydroxide. The indicator most suitable for this experiment is phenolphthalein, it is colourless in acids and pink in alkalises. The half way stage is about pH 9.3, this is when it will either change from colourless to a very pale pink or from pink to colourless. To determine the relative formula mass of succinic acid I am going to
the productivity index; as well as, being the preferred symbol by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. The productivity index of a well is a measure of the production rate achievable under a given drawdown pressure, which is the difference between the average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottom hole pressure. Defined as the flow rate per unit pressure drop, the productivity index gives an indication of the production potential of a well. From the bpss equation above: Therefore:
precipitation occurs during the 65 days in year. Also, a significant amount of precipitation falls during the October- December (Vaziri, 2003). The surface of Alamkouh is characterized by a system of ridges and depressions and oriented parallel to the overall flow direction. The most part of the Alamkouh surface is covered by debris. Typical origins of such debris accumulation include debris-laden snow avalanches, episodic rock avalanches and long-lasting rockfall activity, heavy rains or weathering processes
Introduction: • Rapid mixing is achieved by adding a coagulant chemical to a stream and adding turbulence. The turbulence can be achieved by mechanical agitators or baffled basins. When mixing is not efficient the chemical could be wasted or lower rates of particle aggregation. • The purpose of the lab is to analyses the water using mass balance analysis, so the concentration of the coagulant downstream can be determined. • The theoretical numbers were vastly different from measured results, this
equilibrium with a neat diagram. A typical packed bed is a cylindrical column that is overflowing with a fit packing material. The liquid is circulated as consistently as possible at the top of the column and flows downward, wetting the packing material. The gas is admitting at the bottom, and flows upward, contacting the liquid in a countercurrent direction. An example of a packed bed is an absorber .Besides that, the gas consists of some carrier species that is unsolvable in the liquid (such as air)
insufficient for resolution between similar compounds and quantification of compounds. During this time, to decrease flow-through time pressure liquid chromatography began to be used, thus reducing time taken for purification and separation of compounds being isolated by column chromatography. As flow rates were Inconsistent, the question if it was good to have a constant flow rate or constant pressure was debated (Chatrabhuji et al., 2015). In the mid-1970's, High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Chlorine Sampling Techniques The OSHA sampling and analytical method for chlorine is discussed in reference 9.1. The principle of sampling is described in reference 9.2. The analytical procedure is based on an iodometric technique which uses a residual chlorine electrode (RCE) for detection (9.3.). The validation of the chlorine method consisted of the following experimental studies: Analysis of a total of eighteen samples (six samples at each of the three test levels) which were prepared
E3: The Melt Flow Rate of Different Polymeric Materials Objectives: 1) To learn the operating procedure of TWELVindex 2) To determine the melt flow rate of different polymeric materials Introduction: Melt flow index is given by the weight of the extrudate in gram per 10 min [1]. Referring to Figure 1.1, the melt flow index measured according to Condition-E (190°C, 2160g) which is the normal condition for polyethylene is called “Melt Index (MI)”. Polypropylene requires Condition-L (230°C, 2160g) because
first reviews the metallurgical process of continuous steel slab casting in terms of fluid flow, heat and mass transfers in the manufacture production. Finally, this paper reviews the physical and mathematical modelling in physical experiment and mathematical models, which has been used to study in the process. Keywords: Continuous Casting, Steel, Slab, Physical Modelling, Tundish, Mathematical Modelling, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, Instruction, Report 1. Introduction Continuous casting
Figure 1: Simple batch homogenous reactor. [Fogler, H. S. (2010, November 22). Essentials of Chemical Reaction Engineering: Mole Balances. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from Pearson Education: http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1652026&seqNum=3] Characteristics • Batch reactor normally deals with chemicals or biological reaction. • Two holes in the top of the tank, to charge the reactant and to transfer out the reactant. • Typical batch reactor equipped with agitator as stirring mechanism
.. ... middle of paper ... ..., the following recommendations are made : • Removing obstructions to the flow such as weeds , bushes and other vegetation from the stream at regular interval from main canal and distributary canals. • If the water supplied to the cultivators is assessed on area basis , the cultivators have a tendency to use excessive water , by adopting the volumetric assessment of water is controlled. • The distribution of water to the farmers should be managed properly by using
are able to cause their own autolysis. Excessive clarification and pre treatment of the fruit during the process of sending the fruit to the market which removes many of the natural yeasts and flora. The chemical compsition of juice also affect the rate of fermentation. Fruits generally tend to contain sufficient substrate (soluble sugars)that allow for the yeast and bacteria to fermented , so it can be said that because the fruits used did not show a very high increase in acidity it did not provide
Task 1 • Basic Hydraulic Principles A simple hydraulic system consists of the following components • Hydraulic fluid, • Pistons or rams, • Cylinders, • Accumulator or oil reservoir, • Working mechanism, and • Safety devices. They control variety equipments which transmits force that are carried by Hydraulic Fluid in a specific medium. In modern systems hydraulics transfer forces which are accurate and rapidly even in small pipes of any shape and a long distance. • Pascal’s Law:
edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Enthalpy) When the reaction is giving off heat, it is exothermic. In this case, the enthalpy change is negative, since the reaction is going from high energy to low energy due to the loss of heat energy to its surroundings. If energy flows from the surrounding environment and heat is being taken in, it is endothermic. The change is positive as the system is gaining energy in the form of heat. Bond Making and Bond Enthalpy Bond enthalpy is the energy that is required