Review the mechanisms by which endothelial cells contribute to inflammation in key diseases The endothelium is a cell layer that is lined on the interior surface of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, which are made up of endothelial cells (Dorland, 2012). The endothelial cells in direct contact with blood cells are called vascular endothelial cells while those in contact with lymph are called lymphatic endothelial cells. Besides regulating hemostasis, endothelial cells also possess important functions
development. Vasculogenesis is the mechanism of new vessel formation by vascular progenitor cells instinctively self-assembling. However, the main focus of this article is angiogenesis, the augmentation of pre-existing blood vessels to yield new vessels. Angiogenesis is controlled by soluble factors released from the wound site such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which activates human microvascular endothelial (HMVE) cells to begin sprouting and extending, forming the lumen within mature
showing their effectiveness in reduction of cholesterol synthesis and number of pleiotropic effects, which may be cholesterol dependent and cholesterol independent. The present review focus on the origin, properties and effects of statins on endothelial function ( non lipid action of statins) through the increase of endogenous production of NO in different pathways. Key words: Coronary artery Disease (CAD), Statins, Endothelium, Caveolin. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common
Latent diabetic vascular complications are a hallmark of the disease and known to significantly affect the cardiovascular and renal systems. Atherosclerosis is the main reason for decreased life expectancy in patients with diabetes, whereas diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the largest contributors to end-stage renal disease and blindness, respectively (37, 56). Current therapy is aimed at managing blood glucose concentrations and increasing insulin resistance. Thus, vascular complication mitigation
reducing serum low density lipoprotein levels. However, recent research supports atherosclerosis as a complex inflammatory condition, with the benefits of statins being partially attributed to their effects on smooth muscle cells, plaque stability and endothelial function, as well as their involvement in macrophages and the inflammatory response. Traditionally used as anti-cancer drugs for their anti-inflammatory effects, proteasome inhibitors are now being recognized for their therapeutic potential in this
Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition that underlies several important adverse vascular events such as stroke, cerebrovascular disease, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). etc. [1]. It is responsible for most of the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Western World currently [2]. As a result of the adoption of the western life style, its prevalence is increasing all over the world and could likely reach epidemic status in the coming future [2]. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the
(Asano et al. 1997)(Haywood et al. 1997)(Zisman et al. 1998). In addition to their direct effects, RAAS elements may also have indirect pathological effects through influencing factors like sympathetic activity(Grassi et al. 1997)(Dibner-Dunlap et al. 1996)(Latini 2002) level of kinins(Witherow et al. 2001), endothelial function(Hornig et al. 1998)(Clavell et al. 1996), and/or cytokine levels. (Gullestad et al. 1999)(Tsutamoto et al.
hypertension are that anemia Osteoporosis and coronary heart disease. Cor Pulmonale refers to altered structure or function of the right ventricle, resulting from pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with chronic lung disease In the course of COPD endothelial dysfunction occurs in the pulmonary artery, which has a decreased secretion of Vasoactive mediators such as nitric oxide and Prostacyclin come, this leads, also enhanced by the hypoxia to
category consists of elderly males of Mediterranean or Eastern European Jewish descent. The second category consists of individuals of all ages from Africa. Neither one of these categories is associated with immune deficiency or known environmental factors. The last two categories are associated with organ transplants or HIV-1. In all forms of KS males are predominantly affected. Kaposi’s Sarcomas are known to harbor cells known as spindle shaped cells (SC). The spindle shaped cells are associated with
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition that is characterized by insulin resistance in the body and increased blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycemia (1, 2). Type 2 (T2) diabetes is more common than type 1, and its incidence worldwide is increasing (3). T2 diabetes mellitus commonly affects adults over the age of 45, however its prevalence in children is increasing (4). The cause of diabetes mellitus is multifactorial, and results in a complex pathophysiology (5). This essay will focus
lung cell is altered to increase performance. Germline gene doping is the genetic manipulation of a gamete to have superior genes for traits such as muscle growth to produce a child with superior traits. The most probable targets for gene doping are Myostatin, Erythropoietin (EPO), Insulin-like growth factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Scientists know of roughly 187 gene sequences that are tied to physical activity and athleticism. Gene Doping serves to alter how these genes are expressed
Infarction.” Heart, Lung and Circulation 18 (2009): 171-80. Web. Meirelles, da Silva, Lindolfo, Aparecida Maria Fontes, Dimas Tadeu Covas, and Arnold I. Caplan. “Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells.” Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 20 (2009): 419-27. Web. Porada, Christopher D. and Graca Almeida-Porada. “Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics and vehicles for gene and drug delivery.” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 (2010): 1156-61. Web. Shi, Rui-Zhen and Qing-Ping
article distilled all the existing research to depict the fundamental characteristics of cancer. Hanahan and Weinberge proposed six hallmarks shared among all cancers mentioned in this article includes supporting proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressor, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, sustaining angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Four emerging hallmarks are also introduced in this article, depicting the current 10 underlying principles shared by
hemostatsis sets in motion with vascular constriction which restricts the blood flow in the blood vessels followed by the platelets plug formation which creates a temporary blockage of blood flow and then coagulation takes place with fibrin clot formation. The clot and surrounding tissue release pro-inflammatory growth factors and cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-13, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). ... ... middle
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), also known as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is well-known for its role in regulating blood pressure, fluid volume, and capillary perfusion. It is one of the most important systems studied by those interested in the cardiovascular system and those involved in the pathogenesis of heart and renal diseases. The renin-angiotensin system exists in two frameworks: a circulating system and multiple local, tissue-specific systems. Local RAS have been found
Review: Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes
woman. It normally occurs during or after the 20th week of gestation or in the postpartum period. The clinical manifestations of preeclampsia are hypertension and proteinuria. There is also a fetal manifestation of preeclampsia encompassing fetal growth restriction, reduced amniotic fluid, and abnormal fetal oxygenation. HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia and involves hemolytic anemia, elevated liver function tests and low platelet count. Multiparous women with eclampsia are at a greater
later be diagnosed with chorioamnionitis (4). Nevertheless the addition of PROM increases the chances of acquiring chorio during pregnancy. PROM it is the most easily identifiable risk factor for the condition, along with vaginal bacterial abnormalities, meconium stained amniotic fluid, prologued labour and other factors that make the mother susceptible to
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) is a bacterium that infects organisms through sporulation. Bacillus anthracis is can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or, facultative anaerobic (does not require oxygen). It is also a gram positive bacterium that can be found in the soil of humid and damp climates (Hicks, 2012). The bacterium is part of the species Bacillus Cereus (Koehler, 2009). It is known to infect life forms four different ways. Infection can be caused through digestion, eating food that is contaminated
stages summarized: We know that the human lung starts as a primitive lung bud in the early fetal life and then undergoes many different morphological processes that also continue in the postnatal life. Genetic, hormonal, physical, and environmental factors, as tightly regulated events, together with lung liquid, and fetal breathing movements form a complex that contributes to each stage. The 5 stages of structural lung development occur at progressive times during gestation. The timing of the phases