Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This
calculate all the unknowns by the three equations of equilibrium. 2: Hooke’s Law, Poisson’s Ratio and Modulus of rigidity. Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) all share a common bond. They are considered to be individually the same for a specific material. hooke’s law is formulated as F=kx; Poisson’s ratio is formulated as = (lateral strain / axial strain) and shear modulus is formulated as G= E/(2(1+" " )). 3: polar moment of inertia and angle of twist. Determinate
5.1 Introduction Structurally, the Salt Range is the result of tectonic forces imposed during the lateral phases of the Himalayan orogeny in the late Cenozoic time; the occurrence of the thick, incompetent Salt Range formation at the base of the sedimentary sequence has strongly influenced the structure. 5.2 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE PAIL-BAHDRAR AREA Structural features were essentially the result of gravitative flow process (a tectonic diaprisim) involving the subsurface flow of highly incompetent
Writing 1 I begin my hike in comfortable clothes, a camelbak, flashlight and my ticket to view the caves. The first thing I see is the large rockslide above the visitor’s center. The rockslide is called talus slop. A talus slope describes a type of rockslide that is a loose debris piles. Talus slopes have mild to moderate rockslides as rocks slide down the pile. I was surprised when one such rock hit my head dead center. Facing the American Fork Canyon in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA I see
Mining is a necessary component of the world we live in and it has been practiced for thousands of years. The mining industry produces billions of tons of raw product every year. The process of mining is very complicated and involves plenty of physics! Two main components of the mine cycle are: Drilling, and Blasting. Some important factors in mining are the pillars, rock elasticity, and the slope stability of the ground being mined. A basic method for destroying rock is mechanically induced stress
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450 square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man’s activities
the mechanics of the material. And develop a relationship between the internal structure change and the applied external force or the structural and compositional change after the deformation is over. Newton’s law of viscosity It state that, when a shear stress is applied to a fluid, the velocity that it yields in the direction perpendicular to the stress is proportional to the applied stress. Those liquid obeys newton’s law of
Tennis rackets today are made from a high modulus graphite and/or carbon fibre, which is used to keep the frame lightweight and stiff for increased racket head stability and performance. The process of them being made quite a few steps. Step 1, there are two ways you can form the frame of an aluminum
Composites are similar to essays; they are both an arrangement of parts coming together. Composites, however, have two essential phases: matrix and dispersed phase. The matrix’s responsibility is to be covering the materials being used to form a new type of supply. Composites are also known as two or more type of materials being combine to create a new material that could be used in different real world applications. Commonly, composites are formed because it could be reusable, cheaper and sometimes
that constantly undergoes physical changes due to shear force which is a force that acts tangentially to its area (Massey & Ward-Smith, 2012). Fluids have certain properties that liquids and gases have in common which differentiate it from solids such as its ability to flow and change shape. However, the properties of fluids that is important in any engineering applications are density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility and bulk modulus, vapour pressure and cavitation (refer to Figure 1
.. ...n and Shear stress for elliptical section and Therefore, Shear Stress for circular section bar and elliptical section will be same on xz plane while the Shear Stress for circular section bar will be less than the shear stress for elliptical section on yz plane as a > b. (Assuming equal length of both bar. Also the value of G for both bars will also be same as angle of twist will be same for both i.e. they are made of same material). For equal allowable stress Max. shear stress for elliptical
Name: Anthony Goh Kwan Chin Group: ACB2 – AA1 Date: 25th March 2014 Title: Usage of alloy materials in coin production Introduction: Going through thousands of years, the manufacturing of coins (minting/coining/coinage) have been one of the most polished product of mankind. One of the earliest recorded standardized coins was made by the Roman Empire, consisting of gold, silver and bronze. Now in the modern age, coins are made with alloys (solids made up of a base metal and other elements), with
typically less stiff than steel. To overcome this, a small cross-sectional are of the material is used and produces small areas of high strength but moderate stiffness. Wrapping of CFRP around sections of bridges or buildings can also be used to enhance shear strength and ductility of that section. This greatly increases the load it can handle, which increases the resistance to collapse if an earthquake happened. In earthquake-prone areas this application of CFRP is utilized because it is much more economical
3.0 METHODOLOGY Three main qualities any player would seek for in a field hockey stick are lightness, responsiveness, and stiffness. All these qualities are attained by doing the right material selections and also by undergoing proper manufacturing process. (Michael Cavette, 2003). For instance, lack of flexibility is ultimately important in the blade of a stick, where any twist is capable of deflecting a shot from its desired path. 3.1 RAW MATERIALS The largest variety is seen in the materials used
Thunderstorm Introduction According to Harding (2011), thunderstorms is dangerous and it has the capabilities to produce severe uneven movement within area of air, low level wind shear, low ceiling and visibility, hails and lightning. Thunderstorm is convection is developed based on three fundamental atmospheric conditions; warm humid air, a steep vertical temperature gradient where colder air over moist air and an updraft that makes water vapor turns into water droplets which makes the clouds
Microburst and wind shear avoidance As we all know, safety is fundamental to the aviation industry. There are many factors will cause dangerous to flights, such as human factors, problem of aircraft structures and so on. Flight safety has many challenges. Due to the climate variability and suddenness, meteorology has become a severe problem in aviation. Many air crashes are in the result of bad weather. In generally speaking, there are several weather phenomenon have much influence on flights, like
Motivation for Research and Objectives Louisiana contains approximately 40% of the coastal wetlands of the lower forty-eight states. Louisiana has lost up to forty square miles of marsh per year for several decades (accounting for 80% of the nation’s annual coastal wetland loss) (lacoast.gov). From a hydrologic standpoint, the wetlands replenish aquifers, hold excess floodwaters from intense rainfalls, and provide storm surge protection. The Nation also benefits from Louisiana’s coastal lands
3. Types of autofrettage Autofrettage introduces compressive hoop stresses in the region surrounding the internal diameter, to reduce the magnitude of the hoop stresses developed there when the tube is pressurized. This may be accomplished in one of two ways, as described in sub-sections 3.1 and 3.2. 3.1 Hydraulic Autofrettage Hydraulic autofrettage involves the application of hydrostatic pressure to the internal diameter of the tube. The stress produced due to the hydraulic pressure should exceed
Summary Brian Cox took the astronomy readers to a 5 minutes 11 sec trip to give a visual explanation about the solar system and the formation of tornados with a brief history of its emergence and how the solar system came into existence. According to the visual explanation in the video Brian Cox; tornados are one of the most biggest and bizarre as well as powerful natural phantasm. Cox had given us an unveiled the spectacular and extreme process of making of tornado and revealed the extremely powerful
Tornado Facts: What You Need to Know About the Spinning Air of Destruction Most people know what a tornado is, but not all of them know what a tornado really is. There is more to it than just a swirling mass of wind that only scares the bejeezus out of you or leaves destruction on its wake. What is a tornado? Also known as twisters, cyclone and funnel, a tornado is a tube of air that touches both the ground and clouds and spins rapidly. For a vortex of wind to be called a tornado, it must touch