conditions nor can agriculturalists cannot provide these conditions all the time even in controlled settings like a greenhouse. The costs may outweigh the benefits in the long run. Efficiency comes at the price of using more energy to bypass photorespiration and not being adapted, thus far, to the changing global climate. More research can be done to look into using the efficient C4 enzymes in C3 plants without the need to worry about changing climate or atmospheric carbon levels. Perhaps research
C3 photosynthesis is the ancestral form of photosynthesis and is present in the majority of plant species (Sage, Sage & Kocacinar 2012). In this process CO2 enters the mesophyll cell (mc) via openings in the epidermis called stomata and diffuses into the into the chloroplast where it enters the Calvin cycle (Raven, Evert & Eichhorn 2013). The Calvin cycle is made up of three stages: 1. Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). In which a molecule of CO2 is covalently bonded to a molecule
The molecule fixed in photorespiration is O2. The molecule fixed in C4 plants is CO2. The molecule fixed in CAM plants is CO2. The enzyme rubisco is used to fixate CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle. The enzyme used in photorespiration is rubisco. The enzyme PEP carboxylase (present in the mesophyll cells) is used. This enzyme has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco. Later
escorted into specials bundle- sheath cells, where rubisco can bind to it, thus initiating the Calvin cycle” (Krogh, 2011, p. 152). This process of photosynthesis uses four carbon molecules. This mode of photosynthesis is less likely to experience photorespiration. Photosynthesis will take place in specials cells during this process. The stomata can remain closed for long periods which will not have an effect on the plant, because it is able to trap oxygen. During CAM photosynthesis carbon fixation takes
the two pathways of chemiosmosis are similar within the ATP synthase (hydrogen pumps) and they both use the electron transport chains to create ATP. The difference is that the aerobic respiration is in the cytoplasm and photorespiration is in the mitochondria. In photorespiration, light is converted to ATP and also pumps hydrogen to the thylakoid using the ATP synthase pump. Aerobic respiration converts glucose to ATP and pumps the hydrogen to the mitochondria using the ATP synthase pump.
Name: Lambert Ntashamaje Word count: 1734 words including intext citations and diagrams Assignment: Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Rubisco is a biological catalyst which fix carbon dioxide on Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP) in the process of photosynthesis. Rubisco is found in the stroma of chloroplast and cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria (Keys, 1986). The availability of Rubisco in both plants and archaea-bacteria makes rubisco the most plentiful protein in the world
Fig 2. Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis. Drought stress causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species by disturbing the balance between productions of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defense which induces oxidative stress. During drought stress plants close stomata which decrease the CO2 influx. Besides reducing the carboxylation reduction in CO2 also directs more electrons to form reactive oxygen species. Under severe drought condition photosynthesis is limited by decrease
What is a cell? According to Genetic Home Reference, “Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.” There are two main branches in which a cell can be categorized. These branches are prokaryote and eukaryote. In the prokaryote category are bacteria; in the eukaryote category are plants and animals. Although plant and animal cells have a lot of differences, they also have their fair share of similarities. For instance, an animal cell has a centrosome, but so does a plant cell. An average
Peroxisomes Introduction Peroxisomes, or microbodies, are one of the many organelles found within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Similar to the lysosome, it is an enzyme containing vesicle, 0.1-1.5 um in diameter, bound by a single lipid bilayer membrane. However, despite the similarities to the lysosome, the peroxisome has significant differences which allow it to carry out its very important functions within the cell. For example, unlike lysosomes it contains oxidases instead of hydrolases
Introduction Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms such as photosynthetic bacteria, algae and protists make their food. All organisms that undergo photosynthesis can be called photoautotrophs. In the food making process, the organism uses sunlight energy trapped by leaves and converts it into chemical energy. This chemical energy is then utilised as a drive force for the synthesis of organic products such as glucose. ¹The best known form of photosynthesis is the one carried
Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from α-proteobacteria bacterium which was engulfed
The Effect of pH on the Activity of Catalase Planning Experimental Work Secondary Resources Catalase is a type of enzyme found in different types of foods such as potatoes, apples and livers. It speeds up the disintegration of hydrogen peroxide into water because of the molecule of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but it remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. This is a type of reaction where a molecule is broken down into smaller pieces. It is called an anabolic
Investigating the Effect of Substrate Concentration on Catalase Reaction Planning -Aim: The aim of the experiment is to examine how the concentration of the substrate (Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme (Catalase). -Background information: Enzyme Enzymes are protein molecules that act as the biological catalysts. A catalyst is a molecule which can speed up chemical reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Enzymes catalyze