Name: Lambert Ntashamaje
Word count: 1734 words including intext citations and diagrams
Assignment: Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco)
Rubisco is a biological catalyst which fix carbon dioxide on Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP) in the process of photosynthesis. Rubisco is found in the stroma of chloroplast and cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria (Keys, 1986). The availability of Rubisco in both plants and archaea-bacteria makes rubisco the most plentiful protein in the world (Helmenstine, 2016). Rubisco’s active site is specific to RuBP, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Rubisco is called carboxylase/oxygenase because it can either catalyze carboxylation (carbon fixation) or oxygenation (oxygen fixation) to a 5-carbon molecule(5C) of RuBP during light independent reaction of photosynthesis (Keys, 1986).
There are four “forms” of Rubisco found on the
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Rubisco appears in the stroma of chloroplast in its inactivated form. According to Salvucci and Crafts‐Brandner (2004), Rubisco is activated and regulated by Rubisco activase (RCA). Rubisco activase is classified as AAA+( ATPase associated with variety of cellular activity) (Neuwald et al., 1999), and is mostly found on the chloroplast stroma. This activase enzyme activates Rubisco which later catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP; furthermore, this carbon dioxide fixation is the first photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (Keys, 1986). In the presence of ATP, RCA activates Rubisco by removing phosphate sugar on its active site which acts as Rubisco’s inhibitor (Tabita et al., 2008). The activation of Rubisco is endergonic because it requires energy in the form of
AS REI strives to meet consumer demand they also need to pass various legal and regulatory restrictions in order to meet the federal safety requirements. One great example would be helmets where in order for them to be sold they need to meet tough safety requirements set forth by state laws. Usually depending on the state different age and conditions vary. Usually helmets made for specific sports will have a much higher cost than those made for minimum usage like bicycle helmets. Even though bicycle helmets still have a strict safety requirement. To benefit from the safety standards consumers have found that is best to pay ore for these specific products.
The majority of life on Earth depends on photosynthesis for food and oxygen. Photosynthesis is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen using the sun’s light energy (Campbell, 1996). This process consists of two parts the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Campbell, 1996). During the light reactions is when the sun’s energy is converted into ATP and NADPH, which is chemical energy (Campbell, 1996). This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plants cell. Within the chloroplasts are multiple photosynthetic pigments that absorb light from the sun (Campbell, 1996).
According to National HealthCare Corporation (2016), the organization also generates revenue by managing seven skilled nursing facilities, three assisted living facilities, and one independent living facility owned by third-party operators. Additionally, they have a partnership agreement and a 75.1% non-controlling ownership in Caris Healthcare. Caris Healthcare specializes in hospice care and has 26 locations in four states. Further, NCH provides accounting and financial services to 20 skilled nursing facilities for small operators. Lastly, the organization operates four regional pharmacy operations. These pharmacies serve 56 owned facilities, six managed facilities, and 13 third party entities.
ABSTRACT: Chloroplasts carry out photosynthetic processes to meet the metabolic demands of plant cells (Alberts, 2008). They consist of an inner thylakoid membrane and a stroma. (Parent et. al, 2008).In this experiment we demonstrate the unique protein compositions of isolated thylakoid and stromal fractions from broken and whole spinach chloroplasts. Because these compartments carry out different metabolic processes, we confirm our hypothesis that performing SDS-PAGE on these fractions will result in distinct patterns on the gels. In isolating and analyzing nucleic acid from broken, whole, and crude chloroplast samples we demonstrate that genes for photosynthetic protein psbA are found in chloroplast DNA, while genes for photosynthetic enzyme
The greater overall rate of absorbance change in all chloroplast samples (Figure 1) confirms role of chloroplasts’ in photosynthesis. However, the use of the supernatant sample as a negative control was expected to yield no activity, which was shown to be untrue (Figure 1) and is contributed to the contamination of the supernatant sample with chloroplast. The fragile envelope of the chloroplasts can be eas...
When driving through Pasco, it will not take long before the homeless can be spotted all around. They can be found asking for money on main roads, seeking shelter under abandoned buildings, and wherever they can find a place to rest. Homelessness is continually turning into a more noticeable and prevalent problem for the county, and it has been growing for years. According to TBO.com, “Pasco has the second highest rate of homelessness in the state…” (Kinsler,2011). This includes close to 4,500 men, women, and children; in addition to this figure, there are 3,000 men and children which can be added to this statistic (Kinsler, 2011). Such a concentration of dispossessed individuals in one county is quite astonishing. Since homelessness is altogether a widespread epidemic in Pasco, raising money to support
Overview of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Written by Cheril Tague South University Online Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis are both cellular processes in which organisms use energy. However, photosynthesis converts the light obtained from the sun and turns it into a chemical energy of sugar and oxygen. Cellular respiration is a biochemical process in which the energy is obtained from chemical bonds from food. They both seem the same since they are essential to life, but they are very different processes and not all living things use both to survive ("Difference Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration", 2017). In this paper I will go over the different processes for photosynthesis and the processes for cellular respiration and how they are like each other and how they are essential to our everyday life.
The process of photosynthesis is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is the process in which cells transform energy in the form of light from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds and gaseous oxygen (See Equation Below). In photosynthesis, water is oxidized to gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose. Furthermore, photosynthesis is an anabolic process, or in other words is a metabolism that is associated with the construction of large molecules such as glucose. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps: light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane and use the energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH2. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and consumes ATP and NADPH2 to reduce carbon dioxide to a sugar.
The patient, Rocket Raccoon, has distributed many different symptoms of intermittent explosive disorder ( IED), kleptomania, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). starting with the initial diagnosis, intermittent explosive disorder (IED) Is categorized as a behavioral disorder that is defined by frequent explosive outbursts of anger and violence that are usually superfluous in the situation presented.accoding to PineyRidge.net, Behavioral symptoms That Rocket Raccoon displays include breaking things and causing property damage, verbal and physical aggression, road (or space) rage, frequent fighting, increased energy during an act aggressive outburst, and suicide attempts. After violent Outburst rocket tends to caused major destruction
...hemical energy from cyanobacteria (the only bacteria that can perform photosynthesis) 2.4 billion years ago (Wernergreen). The first chloroplast came into being about one billion years ago when a single-celled protist and a cyanobacterium came together through endosymbiosis, and this first photosynthesizing eukaryotic lineage was the ancestor of land plants, green algae, and red algae. Cyanobacteria and algae endosymbionts have spread photosynthetic capabilities in such a broad range (Wernergreen). In other words, heterotrophic prokaryote cells had taken in autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria cells. The ingested cell continued to provide glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis. The host cell protected as well as provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen for the engulfed cell and overtime both cells lost the aptitude to survive without each other (Weber and Osteryoung).
[IMAGE]Carbon dioxide + water Light Energy glucose + oxygen Chlorophyll [IMAGE]6CO2 + 6H20 Light Energy C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 Chlorophyll Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of the plant in the palisade layer. Chlorophyll in the cells in the palisade layer absorb light for photosynthesis. The plant releases the oxygen created in photosynthesis back into the air but it uses or stores the glucose for energy, respiration, growth and repair. The leaves and plants are also specially adapted for photosynthesis in their structure and cell alignment. Preliminary Experiment Apparatus * Piece of Elodea Canadensis * Bulb * Voltmeter * Test tube * Beaker * Box *
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important in the cycle of energy to withstand life as we define it. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis have several stages in where the making of energy occurs, and have diverse relationships with organelles within the eukaryotic cell. These processes are central in how life has evolved.
“Photosynthesis (literally, “synthesis from light”) is a metabolic process by which the energy of sunlight is captured and used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbohydrates (which is represented as a six-carbon sugar, C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2)” (BioPortal, n.d., p. 190).
Photosynthesis is a process in plants that converts light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in bonds of sugar. The process occurs in the chloroplasts, using chlorophyll. Photosynthesis takes place in green leaves. Glucose is made from the raw materials, carbon dioxide, water, light energy and oxygen is given off as a waste product. In these light-dependent reactions, energy is used to split electrons from suitable substances such as water, producing oxygen. In plants, sugars are produced by a later sequence of light-independent reactions called th...
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration help sustain life on planet earth as both are metabolic processes in their own way. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms use energy from the sun to form glucose from water and carbon dioxide. From there, glucose is then converted to ATP by way of cellular respiration. To convert nutrients that are biochemical energy into ATP, a process such as cellular respiration that has reactions needs to take shape in the cell of an organism, releasing waste products at the same time. For the continuous energy cycle that tolerates life on Earth as we know it Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration very essential. They have a few stages where energy and various connections occur within the eukaryotic cell. Cellular respiration takes place in the lysosome, an organelle that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It uses enzymes to break down biomolecules including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Photosynthesis involves the chloroplasts, which contain pigments that absorb the sunlight and then transfigure them to sugars the plant can use. Those specific processes are crucial in how far and diversified evolution has