Human bodies differ from one another. For an unborn offspring, there are many factors affecting its phenotype, including the s given by its mother and father or possible hereditary traits from a relative via associated pedigree. Each person normally has two copies of each gene (s) - one given by his/her one mother and the other given by the father. These can be either identical, in which case they are referred to as to as homozygous, or different (referred to as heterozygous). Furthermore, alleles
The origin of sex is a highly debated topic with many different theories. The question of sex raises several questions including where did sex come from, what is the purpose of sex, and why is sexual reproduction so widespread in multicellular organisms. The paradox of sex refers to the question of why sex is so widespread in multicellular eukaryotes when it is costly in evolutionary terms.(1) For example, sexual reproduction requires recombination and meiosis and two parents which are both costly
common include: edema, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, exacerbation of existing mental depression, dysphoria, nervousness, vertigo, constipation, liver toxicity, diarrhea, vomiting, urinary frequency, blurred vision, reddened sclera, dyspnea, epistasis and nasal congestion (Prazosin Lexicomp,
of alleles at a locus is affected by how narrow the bottleneck is (Nei et al., 1975). Although a bottleneck is expected to reduce genetic variation, there are several mechanisms that can skew the outcomes and limit this loss. Gene interactions (epistasis), dominance, and linkage disequilibrium can restrict the loss of, and, in some cases, inflate genetic diversity. Furthermore, inbreeding is common following a bottleneck, but many inbred families may be selected against if they are carriers of deleterious