factual and accurate. Even though it is a Canadian book, it talks mostly about oil in general, not just oil in Canada. In particular, it covers the earth’s oil reserves and details of Canada's oil reserves, uses for oil, how (both normal crude and bitumen based) oil is extracted, and the role of governments, companies, and individuals in oil. The book is up to date as it was published in 2014. Because the book has a factual intent, as opposed to an entertainment based intent, there is no discernible
2.2.6.3 Reduction in Headlight Reflection and Glare Since porous asphalt act as a drainage layer, rainwater is able to percolate through the mix, reflection and glare from vehicle headlights are reduced and thus visibility of painted pavement markings on the wet surface at night can be improved (Manfred N. Partl, 2006). Despite of this, driver’s visibility at night can be increased by reduction in glare. 2.2.6.4 Noise Reduction High air voids content and maximum stone size of porous asphalt surface
Development Agency, Central Road Research Institute, Indian Centre for Plastic Environment and the National Highways Authority of India. In every forum, he painstakingly explained and demonstrated the benefits of road laying using a polymer-aggregate-bitumen
square kilometres (Anderson, Giesy & Wiseman, 2010). The Alberta Energy and Utilities Board estimates that the oil sands contains approximately 1.7 trillion barrels of crude bitumen, however only 19% can be ultimately recovered (Raynolds, Severson-Baker & Woynillowicz, 2005; Humphries, 2008). The availability of recoverable bitumen makes Canada’s oil sands deposit larger even than that of Saudi Arabia (Czarnecki, Hamza, Masliyah, Xu & Zhou, 2004).The process of surface and in situ mining of the Athabasca
Canada’s Resource Development Needs Improvement in Sustainability Sustainable resource development for a Nation like Canada is a very important issue that if not properly addressed affects Canada’s revenue to other countries, but also the everyday lives of citizens. Canada’s current methods for resource development is not sustainable and must be actively improved because Canada’s resources are finite, and current methods of resource development currently implemented negatively impact the environment
known as “Bitumen of Judea”. Bitumen of Judea was a “small piece of polished pewter” which Niepce had placed in his camera obscura and then “coated with a solution of bitumen and lavender oil” to create the picture. He used this because bitumen, a naturally occurring asphalt, is light sensitive (Welch). This is an important property of bitumen because that means when it’s introduced to light, it will change to match with the light, which is what was needed for a picture to come out. The Bitumen of Judea
pipeline “will run from Hardisty, Alberta, to Nederland, Texas, and traverse Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas” (Palliser 8). The Keystone XL pipeline will carry up to 900,000 barrels a day of synthetic crude oil or diluted bitumen (Palliser 8). The tar sands are located under boreal forest in northern Alberta which is the
province. Also, the oil sands are the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in Canada ("Oil Sands Truth." Para 4). Additionally, although it takes a lot of energy going into producing the bitumen from the oil sands, the energy output is relatively low. A about three times water is needed for one portion of bitumen when it is being processed after being accessed from the oil sands. Not only is water wasted, but the water supply n the area is heavily polluted. There is more than three million gallons
Polymer modified binders: First, understanding the basics of polymers. Polymers are very large molecules formed by combining many smaller molecules together chemically. The starting molecules of polymers is called monomer which on combination forms random co-polymers. Co-polymers like SBR are widely used as a modifier in asphalt mix. They are very widely used for preventive pavement maintenance technique in cold weather like in chip seals, slurry seal, cold recycled mix and micro-cracking. There
the stabilization of soil is required and this paper enlightens some techniques and experiments which was used in the past and were found to be correct in increasing the shear strength of soil. Key words: Soil Stabilization, Waste Plastic, Lime, Bitumen, Cement, Fly Ash, Shear Strength, CBR Test I. INTRODUCTION Now a days, the major problem in constructing the roads, highways, airports or any other structures is the availability of proper soil conditions. In majority of places in India, the soil
The poem “We’re not trucking around” (2003) by Samuel Wagan Watson presents the important idea about the marginalization of Aboriginal culture and the idea that Aboriginals do not try to mimic the ‘Invaders’. These ideas represent an aboriginal perspective on Australian national identity which explores the marginalization of aboriginal culture and the mistreatment of Aboriginals in Australia. Watson reinforces his arguments with poetic techniques including the creation of an atmosphere, use of dialect
necessary to calculate the surface area of the aggregate to find out if adjustments needed to be made to the amount of binder that was required a simple formula was used to provide this information (Shell Bitumen 1991): T= b/(100-b) x 1/Db x 1/SAF T= bitumen thickness (m) Db= density of bitumen (kg/m3) SAF= surface... ... middle of paper ... ...Deflection Test The previous test also produced results for the permanent deflection of the slab. As a result of the simulated weak foundation the initial
With the demand of oil growing, the scrutiny of Alberta’s large oil reserves intensifies. The province has the largest source of crude bitumen in the world and major oil sand regions, with Athabasca being the largest (Irvine, Blais, Doyle, Kimpe, White, 2014, p. 1). As the conventional production of crude oil declines, the bitumen found in oil sands are being brought onto the global and domestic spotlight. Additionally, these oil sands are being advertised as the means to make Canada ‘an emerging
The diluted bitumen found in tar sands, turns out to be the heaviest, thickest crude oil used today. The reason is so uncommon and concerning to environmentalists is because of the extra amount of energy needed to extract the oil-sands crude compared to regular oil. In summary about the use of diluted bitumen, “The U.S. refineries that process it will produce higher levels of pollutants that damage human health
Alexander Quinn Mrs. Marshall May 20, 2014 The Alberta Oil Sands Responsible development for a prosperous and sustainable future The Alberta Oil Sands are large deposits of bitumen in north-eastern Alberta. Discovered in 1848, the first commercial operation was in 1967 with the Great Canadian Oil Sands plant opening, and today many companies have developments there. The Alberta Oil Sand development is very controversial, as there are severe environmental impacts and effects on the local Aboriginal
The camera has changed the life of every single person in the modern world. The camera has affected everything from the transportation industry to politics to just relaxing at home. So how exactly did such an influential piece of technology come to be? The history of the camera goes back about 2600 years The Chinese and Greek are the first recorded people to figure out that when light shines through a small hole it creates an image on the opposite side of the incoming light. In about 330 BC the
(Book by Hunter) Wearing courses / surface courses SMA Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) has a course aggregate skeleton like porous asphalt but the voids are filled with a fine aggregate/filler/bitumen mortar. It differs from hot rolled asphalt (HRA) in that the mortar is designed to just fill the voids in the course aggregate, whereas in hot rolled asphalt, course aggregate is introduced into the mortar and does not provide a continuous stone matrix. (Hunter, 1994) Figure 1 – Newly Laid SMA In Figure
carrying imported natural-gas condensate in the opposite direction. The condensate is a toxic mix of liquid hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning agent to dilute and help transport heavy oils like bitumen.. The Northern Gateway would have the capacity to transport 525,000 barrels of oil per day. The project would be developed by Enbridge Inc., a Canadian crude oil and liquids pipeline company. The majority of the pipeline would be buried underground
argument proves that he is not alone with this opinion, the well respected Toronto Star also agrees. Another example of ethos in his article is “the U.S. National Energy Technology Laboratory, for instance, recently calculated that jet fuel made from bitumen has a carbon footprint 244 per cent greater than fuel made from US domestic crude.” (188) Which brings into account a study that a well known laboratory has done to prove argument. Nikiforuk provides many references within his work to show his credibility
The developed world rarely pauses to think of the prevalent necessity of energy in our lives. As the global population nears 9 billion people in 2040 (1), we are not only challenged to provide for basic needs, but to also improve living standards worldwide. These challenges require a global energy increase of approximately 35% (1). The challenge may seem intimidating, but the human race has demonstrated an exceptional ability to overcome difficulties and progress. An important aspect to improve worldwide