This paper reviews various methods used for the stabilization of the soil in the past. Papers summarizes the experiments done by the various researchers. As the soil weakness is the major cause of failure or degradation of structures standing on weak soil. A stabilized soil provides good contact between the foundation and the structure. The transfer of load takes place easily if the soil is stabilized. So the stabilization of soil is required and this paper enlightens some techniques and experiments which was used in the past and were found to be correct in increasing the shear strength of soil.
Key words: Soil Stabilization, Waste Plastic, Lime, Bitumen, Cement, Fly Ash, Shear Strength, CBR Test
I. INTRODUCTION
Now a days, the major problem in constructing the roads, highways, airports or any other structures is the availability of proper soil conditions. In majority of places in India, the soil is found to be weak in shear strength for construction. So the need of soil stabilization arises. Soil Stabilization is any technique by which we can increase the shear strength of the soil by allowing proper compaction or by adding some chemicals and add mixture to it. There are many ways of stabilizing the weak soil like adding cements, lime, bitumen, blast furnace slag. In this paper, we focused on various methods used in stabilization of soil in the past. In recent studies, it has been found that all the stabilizing agents are proved to be costly. So the major concern in stabilization of soil is the cost reduction. Then the idea of stabilization of soil by waste material like waste plastic, bottles, canes, polythene bags arises. Because these are available in abundance in all over the world and it is almost cost free.
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MATERIALS USED IN THE STABILIZATION OF SOIL
Soil stabilization is a method of improving soil properties by blending and mixing other materials. Following are the various soil stabilization methods and
As we have observed throughout the centuries, colonialism has immensely shaped the majority of countries of modern society. In the essay “The Impact of Colonization and Western Assimilation on Health and Wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal People”, Cathy MacDonald & Audrey Steenbeek developed significant points that reflect as connections to the essay “Virgin Soils Revisited” emphasizing the devastating impact colonialism has had on the wellbeing and health initiatives imposed on the Native Americans and the Aboriginal people of Canada to this day. Both indigenous populations have endured the hardships of poor health, racial issues such as oppression, and cultural assimilations due to the long-lasting effects of colonialism.
As you may or may not know there are many types of farming. For those farming types, there are many tillage methods used. Depending where the farm is located is how the farmer knows what method to use. The methods used are No Till, One pass, Conventional, Conservation, and chisel plow plus. Let’s start out with No Till.
Three substances mainly make fertilisers: nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Their percentage in the solution will change the effectiveness on a determinate plant; for example is recommended to use high proportion of nitrogen fertilizers during the spring growth of spurts. The fertilisers can be spitted in two categories: organic that contains a low level of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and aren’t toxic to the environment and synthetic that are made by a high concentration of the three substances and can be corrosive to the environment if are overused.
[4] Muni Budhu. Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition and Foundations and Earth Retaining Structures (Combined book made for UBC). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011.
A simplified and efficient soil structure interaction (SSI) method has been proposed for structures supported by pile foundation system using recently proposed lumped parameter model with gyro-element (GLMP) which shows efficient and accurate representation of frequency dependent impedance function (IFs) of the soil-foundation systems. The original GLPM has been transformed to make the gyro-element compatible with the conventional software framework. The transformed GLPM has been verified with the IFs of a pile group supporting a single degree of freedom system and implemented in multi-story building supported by a pile group. The effects of frequency dependent characteristics have been studied for the multi-story building by comparing the results with conventional Kelvin-Voigt model and rigid foundation system. OpenSees software framework has been used in the modelling of superstructure and foundation system with GLPM. The results show significant effects of the frequency dependent IFs on the response of the foundation.
The most economical method for ground improvement is aggregate piers. Before aggregate piers were used, engineers had to replace the weak soil with an engineering fill in order to use shallow foundations, but in some cases (load is very high) they had to use deep foundations, which is much more expensive. By using aggregate piers, we can now use shallow foundations in marginal soil without having to replace it. By using compacted aggregate to create stiff pier element, aggregate piers help to increase the bearing capacity, liquefaction resistance, shear strength, rate of consolidation and it reduces settlement.
This chapter discusses the result of experiment of soil properties at the Orthosiphon Stamineus plot, INSAT as describe in chapter three. The experimental were aimed to study the impact of compaction on soil properties at different depth for Orthosiphon Stamineus cultivation in order to determine the suitable soil classes, and propose best depth to plough the area to in order to have high yield with cost effective practice to manage the area.
Construction chemicals are categorized into product portions such as sealers and protective coatings, mortars and grouts, adhesives and caulks, and so on. All such products are widely used in the end user industries such as Non building construction, Nonresidential construction, Residential construction. With the boom in demand, complexity of structures, competitive, environmental conditions and requirement of more potent structure, Construction chemical substances has become an integral aspect of the construction industry. In India, Construction chemical compounds specifically cater to the following
In this report, we will introduce and illustrate on precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete, ready-mix concrete, reinforced concrete, terrazzo and Urbanite in details.
... although we may never be able to understand exactly what soil failures can occur when a natural disasters take place, as time goes on and testing instruments and materials advance we will hopefully have a better understanding of what we can do to avoid soil failures and come up with a better and more sufficient method of improving the soils structure and strength permanently. While researching the information for this report I feel I have a much better understanding for construction geo-technics and foundations especially regarding the deformation, liquefaction and pile information related to this specific event. I hope to carry the information I have learned from this event into the construction field and apply them towards an authentic project that’s taking place and know that the information, regarding soils, I have given input on will be precise and accurate.
Soil is formed through the breakdown of parent rock by the process of weathering i.e. physical and chemical weathering which therefore lead to the decomposition and disintegration of rock into soil (Chen et al., 2000).The weathered material may later be transformed by other soil forming processes to give a wide range of soil types. Soil formed may thereafter combine with organic matter to give an ideal soil type. Soil formation is an outcome of a wide range of conditions (Van Breemen and Buurman 2002)
It indicates that enset cultivation is sustainable system with regard to maintain soil fertility significantly higher in the enset field. This might be due to the materials added to the soil from the plant parts and organic farming (application of manure and domestic waste). Enset has highly degradable parts such as leaf midribs; pseudo stem sheath, Pseudostem core/ which are used to maintain soil fertility. Any practice of cultivating enset could improve soil structure. However, in some cases these improvements may not be sustainable at the time of scraping it, because of labor movement which may compress the soil. Enset can reduce soil erosion and land degradation. The root system and non-fertilizer cultivation are other important characteristics to protect soil erosion and land degradation. Some farmers cultivate enset in the face of flood and drain it in to enset farm in order to reduce further soil erosion (Chakoro Tamire, Mekuria Argaw). According (Chakoro Tamire, Mekuria Argaw(2015)) Soil laboratory analysis result revealed that enset field had significantly (p<0.05) higher level of TN (0.3%), OC (3.6%), Av. P (66.7ppm) and lower level of BD (1.2) than annual crop fields. Laboratory analysis of soil has shown that an average size of clay, silt and sand fraction under enset cultivation was 31.2%, 49.3% and 19.5%, respectively, while in the annual crop land the proportion of clay, silt and sand were 37.5%, 40.3% and 22.2%, respectively. The overall output from the research showed that enset has contribution in environmental rehabilitation (Chakoro Tamire,
Soil is the most important non-renewable resource on any farm. Healthy soil is key to a good
Geotechnical Engineering covers the engineering properties of soils, the fundamentals of soil mechanics, and the application of geotechnical data and fundamentals to the design of foundation elements, earth-retaining structures, excavations, earth embankments and highway pavements.
Project title of field of study The effect of soil salinity on plant growth is part of botany, the study of plants. Botany: the study and science of plants in a particular habitat and region, it is the branch of biology that deals with the life of plants. Soil Salinity, Should We Be Worried? Introduction Soil salinity is said to be “bad” for plant growth, but is this really true?