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The impacts of procrastination
Related studies on problem of self-efficacy
The impacts of procrastination
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Introduction
Procrastination – a phenomenon that has become increasingly prevalent in contemporary society – has developed to the extent that it not only affects university students, but also the general population. Although the notion of procrastination dates back to approximately 800BC (Steel, 2007), studies up until today have failed to understand the causes of procrastination. Ferrari (1994) argues for this notion stating that procrastination “remains one of the least understood human miseries” (p.673 as cited in Klassen, Krawchuk, & Rajani, 2008). Furthermore, tentative evidence, as studies have shown, suggests that procrastination significantly exacerbates both health and academic performance (Klassen et al.,2008;Sirin,2008;Choi & Chun Chu,2005;Tan,Ang,Klassen,Yeo,Wong,Huan & Chong,2008;& Rabin,Fogel,&Nutter-Upham,2011).Following from this, there has been a proliferation of literature surrounding procrastination and its consequences. Such consequences, as studies have shown, include high levels of stress, depression, anxiety, low self-efficacy, fear of failure and other health- risk behaviours. However, this assignment shall only take one consequence-that being self-efficacy- into account. Thus, the purpose of this literature review is to establish whether a relationship-if any- exists between self-efficacy and procrastination among university students. Firstly, an attempt to operationally define the two variables (procrastination and self-efficacy) shall be made. Next, relevant literature will be reviewed to address the research question.
Definition of procrastination
Although many authors have attempted to define procrastination, pinpointing its precise definition in current literature, remains an area of uncertainty (...
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...lf-efficacy and procrastination measure” (Klassen et al., 2008, p.922).
Although many studies indicate that a relationship- strong or weak- exist between self-efficacy and procrastination, tentative new research seem to suggest otherwise. Sirin (2011) investigated the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy and found that the two variables do not relate. The findings- although inconclusive and contradictory to previous studies- suggest that students had a strong belief that graduating from university was possible. These findings similar to that of Chun Chu & Choi’s (2005) observation that personalities as well as other individual factors play a role in mediating the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy. Following from this, it is suggested that self-efficacy may not be the only variable associated with the onset of procrastination.
“I need to stop procrastinating, I’ll start tomorrow!” Most of us have uttered these words at least once in our academic life, if not daily. Procrastination is habitual, it is gauged that 95% of college students in America procrastinate, 50% of which who claim to do it half the time and 38% who do it on occasion (koestner, Senecal, & Vallerand, 1995). Procrastination can be defined as prolonging a task and/or delaying it for periods of time knowing it’s in need of attention. Negative implications associated with this can include a decline in quality work and overall learning experience, with an increase in stressful urgency (Goroshit & Hen, 2014). Based on the above information it can be concluded that procrastination in college students is
As a chronic procrastinator myself I would have to say from experience that I do more often than not make a decision to procrastinate. When I procrastinate it is most times because I believe that I don’t need the time that I am given to get my work done, or simply that I don’t want to work on the project that day. In a paper written by a Serendip Student entitled “Procrastination: Habit or Disorder,” the author sheds light on the psychological view point of procrastination. The author breaks it up into two categories, behavioral procrastination and decisional procrastination. The author relates behavioral procrastination to self-handicap, meaning that those people use procrastination as an excuse to blame something for the reason that they did not pass that test. In this article, the author uses an experiment conducted by Ferrari and Tic, “participants (men and women) perform an identical task twice. In the first study, participants were notified that they would be evaluated on their performance of the task. Time was allotted for practice or engaging in fun activities. Results found that participants procrastinated for 60% of the time. The second study described the identical task as a fun game. Results of activity during the time allotted showed that procrastinators, in comparison
Procrastination is used mentally to comfort us and give us refuge from our deep inner fears. While it is often perceived as a character defect the fact is that it is really used to defend our self-worth and independence. As the author states “Generally we re taught that procrastination is the problem, rather than a symptom of other problems. This diagnosis, instead of directing your efforts toward ending the cycle of pressure, fear, and procrastination, unfortunately makes matter worse by blaming you for choosing such an awful habit.” The first step to overcoming procrastination is to stop criticizing yourself and to accept that you are in fact imperfect and human. Procrastination is actually rewarding as it helps us relieve some of our everyday stresses, the problem is we can become addicted to these rewards by learning to use it in three ways: as an indirect way of resisting pressure from authorities, as a way of lessening fear of failure by providing an excuse for a disappointing, less-than-perfect performance, ...
Procrastination comes from the thought of an individual knowing that they can do the same job at a later time. Everyone has been guilty of procrastinating because it is a human fear that no one can escape. To procrastinate is to put off or defer until another time, in other words it may mean to delay (Marano). In Psychology Today, Hara Marano said “twenty percent of all humans identify themselves as chronic procrastinators” (“Marano”). Procrastination is a human behavior that every college student has experienced at some point in his or her educational paths. For some college students, procrastination is a minor issue, for other college students, procrastination is a way of life that results in stress and could possibly be easily be avoided. Why? Procrastination can be broken down into three categories: how someone is considered a procrastinator, characteristics of a procrastinator, and how to escape procrastination.
The more I look, the more it becomes clear that procrastination is similar to cancer: there are as many types and experiences of procrastination, but they all get grouped together under one umbrella term of
Klassen, Robert, Lindsey Krawchuk, and Sukaina Rajani. "Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination." Contemporary Educational Psychology. 33.4 (2008): 915-931. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. .
...rs tend to overestimate the degree of unpleasantness of a task” (Lay, 46). Procrastination is a problem that when left unchecked can cause serious problems in every aspect of a person’s life. The solution for students can be as easy as sticking to a goal or as hard as denying themselves a prize when they missed the deadline on a project. The type of solution a person uses depends on what works best for that student, but a schedule to help stay goal positioned never hurt.
Self-efficacy is the belief that someone has the inherent ability to achieve a goal. A student who has a high self-efficacy allows himself to believe that he can be successfully academically.(Bozo & Flint, 2008) He believes that a challenging problem is a task that can be mastered This student is more committed to work in the classroom. (Schunk,1991). On the other hand, a student who has a low level of self-efficacy is likely to be academically motivated. He is more likely to avoid a task that is difficult, give up, make excuses, or lose confidence in his abilities (Margolis & McCabe, 2006). This failure becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Teachers need to find ways to motivate these students by increasing their self-efficacy.
The definition of procrastination according to Solomon & Rothblum is the determined delay of the start or completion of a task (1984). Procrastinators will also differ from those who do not procrastinate in numerous ways. An example would be that procrastinators often fear failure, strive for perfection, may be slightly pessimistic and more anxious, which may become worse when they realize they are procrastinating (McCown & Johnson, 1991) or when deadlines are approaching (Tice & Baumeister, 1997). The personal and realistic problems that result from dysfunctional procrastination are predominantly acute in academics, as the inclination to put off school-related tasks often result in challenging levels of stress (Solomon & Rothblum 1984), on the whole the end of the academic semester would be the peak (Tice & Baumeister, 1997).
The definition of procrastination is: the action of delaying or postponing something. Tim Urban, who conducts a speech called Inside the Mind of a Master Procrastinator for TED in 2016, explains that every human is a procrastinator- some more than others. I agree with everything he says in his speech because I can connect with every piece of evidence he claims, mostly including that there is a “Panic Monster” that pops up in your brain when you are close to a deadline and haven’t gotten anything done, especially when it comes from why I’m always so stressed out about school. There are two different kinds of procrastination: deadline and non-deadline. (Urban, 2016) Everyone that I have ever met is a procrastinator
A. H. C. Chu and J. N. Choi, psychologists, distinguished two types of protracting, they discovered that active procrastination has attainable characteristics that lead to positive personal outcomes (Choi and Moran). These positive personal outcomes are a result of waiting at its finest. People with these adequate dilatory skills have probably learned from their deficient habits in the past that may help everyone know that the view of holding off can change. Writing this essay has changed my view on procrastination slightly, as I can see how it can be good for you. With my siblings, my free time is limited.
Procrastination is a tendency to postpone, put off, delay, reschedule, take a rain check on, put on ice, hold off, or to defer what is necessary to reach a particular goal.(Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition. Philip Lief Group 2009.) While attending College some students find it hard to juggle work, family, and friends. Leading most students down a dangerous path to procrastination; that negative impact affect students from their physical health, mental health, and social health.
As an adult student, it is not easy to manage the demands of work; spouse and children; and the need to set aside time to read, research, write, and complete specified assignments. The biggest complaint conveyed by adult students is that they simply don’t have enough time. The fact is time management is crucial so you don’t lose sight of your goals. Students’ time is a limited resource. Like other limited resources, time can be more or less effectively managed (Britton, 1991, p.405). It is hard to address my perspective of my own procrastination and my ability to learn. Now that I’m older and looking at the facts of where I am now in life, I should be a lot further in my college goals. Many young adults wish someone sat them down early in life and guided them in a wiser direction. A college degree is essential in the career world.
The concept of self-efficacy is grounded in Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory. Bandura (1994) defines perceived self-efficacy as “people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce efforts” (p. 71). In essence, one having strong self-efficacy experience increase in motivation, accomplishment, and personal well-being ( Bandura, 1994). Those with a low sense of self-efficacy, on the other hand, often suffer stress and depression; unbelieving of their capabilities and often succumbed to failure (Bandura, 1994).
After spending three hours perusing the internet on articles about procrastination and time management, with two of those hours spent looking at planners, apps, and other various materials that theoretically will help me stop procrastinating, I suppose it is time to actually start writing my paper about procrastinating. I’ve fallen into the learned habit that I work best under pressure; however, the process of procrastination is always laced with acute anxiety and hassle, even if I ultimately finish the assignment on time. I am on a journey to find out why people procrastinate and hopefully find attainable solutions to the problem of procrastination, but first I must go outside and play in the snow.