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Principles of virtue ethics
The nature of good and evil
Principles of virtue ethics
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Whether or not humans are essentially evil or sympathetic is a question that has long left many philosophers in a state of conflict. Through the evaluation of natural human qualities, many different opinions have been formed. The so called “laws” of the world attempt to define a set of uncertain rules which are to govern society in its most raw form, dictate moral rights and wrongs, and create boundaries. Every single action can be separated into any of these three categories, depending upon the action. The Bible states that it is only through baptism that a sin may be removed from the carrier. Non-religious opinions may offer a similar opinion in a sense that humans possess the capability of committing evil acts. Human beings are in constant pursuit of their basic necessities and they are without limits to what they will do to obtain them. Since humans are individualistically driven, the ultimate desires are ones for pleasure, comfort, and contact. These can usually be found in the limits of a community environment. Our desires cross paths, since the desire of sensual experiences and close human contact in the form of community correspond with the desire for individualistic advancement and success. Competition causes holes within society, and gives rise to upper and lower classes. This causes the gap between the rich and those living in means of poverty. A truly selfless society, and one without evil would share the wealth equally, creating a level playing field for all those in the community, yet this is not the case. Friction among the classes of people results in corruption, jealousy, crime, and other small offenses. Living in a community requires trust and faith in the overall nature of others to do the right th...
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... the right thing. These families don’t always have to be blood-related, as there are many other “families” that people are parts of. Although different societies may provide a sense of love and belonging to a certain extent, the bonds between mother, and child, and husband and wife are significantly cherished and irreplaceable.
The achievement of these goals will lead to a healthier and more fulfilling existence, further emphasizing the importance of the ideal society. Although individuals grouped together create the idea of society, it is solely the interactions of people, how they care for each other, and how well individuals adapt to different systems which will eventually dictate the overall success of an ideal society. Even though a perfect society is far from being achieved, stable and effective systems may be implemented until such a thing happens.
It is the contention of this paper that humans are born neutral, and if we are raised to be good, we will mature into good human beings. Once the element of evil is introduced into our minds, through socialization and the media, we then have the potential to do bad things. As a person grows up, they are ideally taught to be good and to do good things, but it is possible that the concept of evil can be presented to us. When this happens, we subconsciously choose whether or not to accept this evil. This is where the theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke become interesting as both men differed in the way they believed human nature to be.
The problem of evil has been categorized variously, but the major categorizations of evil entail the physical evil on the one hand, and the moral evil, on the other hand. Physical evil has been defined as the occurrence of a physical suffering and destruction that is caused by the operation of natural laws, with no involvement of the human intention in the occurrence of such events (Kremer and Latzer, 89). On the other hand, moral evil has been defined as the occurrence of events that violates the natural laws, for which humans are responsible (Kremer and Latzer, 89). In this respect, while in the physical evil there is no participation of humans, the moral evil is contributed by the involvement of the personal will and intellect in doing what naturally should not be done, or what is simply considered morally wrong.
We would like to believe that humans are inherently good at heart, yet with all the tragic and horrific events going on in the world, this thought seems like a childish fantasy or dream. What if it were the opposite of what we would like to believe, and that people are evil inside, and society is just structured to hold the evil in? Without a society, Thomas Hobbes believed there would be “war... of every man against every man,” and that life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” (Beck et al, 195). Lord of the Flies suggests that man is inherently evil, and this shows through when society crumbles, just like the conch breaking on the island.
Whether human nature is fundamentally selfish or altruistic is a question that challenge lots of researchers back in the time, and even today. Some people, such as Thomas Hobbes, claimed that man 's nature is basically evil and selfish. However, Joseph Butler, a philosopher, disagreed with this idea. For him, goodness consists in having what he calls the ‘principle of reflection’ govern and control our passions. People always want to know the true, but there is no answer for this question, so we have to find it out base on our knowledge and beliefs. It is important to know what is our true identity when we were born. In my mind, no one is perfect, everyone has the dark-side in themselves. People cannot deny that there is no mistake have
With all that said, agreeing with William Golding is most logical. Humans possess evil in them but society, rules, laws, orders, and morals aids individuals to avoid corruption. Without the law, it is most likely that individuals will do selfish things and become corrupt rather than transform into an ideal person with the need of only to survive. Golding’s Lord of the Flies is an extreme but great representation of the human nature.
Consequently, the actions of Adam and Eve have opened the doors for the two types of evil we see today, moral and natural. “Natural evil is the consequence of moral evil” (Elwell,...
One of the major ideas about the future of humans has been the utopian society, or simply utopia, which is an ideally perfect world where everyone can live harmoniously together despite different backgrounds, ethnicity, religions, beliefs, and so on. However, the idea of such a society is bombarded with many arguments, most of which point out to that, considering the current and harsh conditions that the world is facing, the perfect and dreamed world cannot exist or be realized. To elaborate the utopian society topic, this essay will explore the progress of study of a utopian society, the important characteristic of a utopian world, and investigate the probability of a reality where such a world may exist in mankind’s
“Morality is doing right, no matter what you are told, religion is doing what you are told, no matter what is right”(Mencken). What makes a person evil? What makes a society evil? Is it their looks? The way they sound? The way they think? My parents used to tell me there was a devil on one of my shoulders, and an angel on the other. I always have thought that was a ridiculous thing to think. I mean if they’re there, why can’t I see them? Every single person on this earth has made a mistake at least once. Most of which are from either trying to do the right thing, or thinking of nothing but ourselves. During world war two we have seen many examples of this, the appeasement made by Chamberlain was in an effort to try and protect his own people.
The following analysis deals with the nature and source of evil and whether, given our innate motives and moral obligation, we willingly choose to succumb to our desires or are slaves of our passion. From this argument, I intend to show that our human nature requires that we play into our desires in order to affirm our free will. This is not to say that our desires are necessarily evil, but quite the opposite. In some sense, whatever people actually want has some relative value to them, and that all wanted things contain some good. But given that there are so many such goods and a whole spectrum of varying arrangements among them, that there is no way we can conceive anything as embodying an overall good just because it is to some degree wanted by one or a group of persons. In this light, there arises conflict which can only be resolved by a priority system defined by a code, maybe of moral foundations, which allows us to analyze the complexities of human motivation. I do not intend to set down the boundaries of such a notion, nor do I want to answer whether it benefits one to lead a morally good life, but rather want to find out how the constructs of good and evil affect our freedom to choose.
The lines that define good and evil are not written in black and white; these lines tend to blur into many shades of grey allowing good and evil to intermingle with each another in a single human being. Man is not inherently good or evil but they are born innocent without any values or sense of morality until people impart their philosophies of life to them. In the words of John Locke:
Family as defined by Webster’s College Dictionary can be one of many different people. Family can be your parents, spouse, children, brother, sister, grandmother, uncle, any blood relative, or even people who are not blood related that share that common bond (Webster 475). My definition of family is similar to Webster’s, but I feel that there is more to it than just being a blood relative or close friend. A person’s actions, beliefs, and morals play a major role in deciding who makes it into that “family” group. Family becomes more of an idea or feeling, like love or hate, than just who a person is or where they fall in your family tree. There have been people that I have considered closer than family just by their actions, even though they were nowhere near related to me. Fortunately, I have not had any blood relation family members make me wish they were not in my “family” (maybe my older sister when we were younger, but that doesn’t count). While reading from Children and Families in our text, I came across many readings that I feel were inspired in many different ways by what the author believed was “family.” There were two readings that jumped out at me and reminded me of my view of how a family should be in their interactions with each other. They were the short story “Flight” by Doris Lessing and the poem “Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes. There was also one writing that I read that went against my idea of family and made me happy that this wasn’t the way that my family acted as I grew up, that was “Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid. And while some authors lean their writing one direction or another, Adrienn...
The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, shows human nature to be greedy, self-involved and vengeful. Claudius is driven by his greed to commit murder. Polonius is always looking out for himself, currying favor at the expense of anyone in his way. Hamlet thinks only of vengeance from the moment he finds out about Claudius murdering his father. Human nature has been all of these things, but it has also evolved through the ages. We can be base and cruel, but we can also show great compassion and kindness.
Most people can not relate so something unless they have personally also gone through it, so when someone does evil things to others they are mostly unaware on how it affects others negatively. In the article "What Makes us Moral" Kluger states "The deepest foundation of morality is built is the phenomenon of empathy, the understanding that what hurts me would feel the same way to you" (Kluger,8). Once someone is able to relate and empathize with another person they are less likely to enact on something evil , because they know how it would feel if it was to happen to them. The people of this world also try to determine who is worthy of doing a good deed for. If people began to see each other in the same light and all as equals there would be more kindness in the world. In "What Makes us Moral" Kluger also says is " Our species has a very conflicted sense of when we ought to help someone, and when we ought not, and the general rule is. help those close to home, and ignore those far away" (Kluger,16). This goes on to show that people are taught that they can only do good for those who do good unto them, or those who are close to them. Society teaches us when it is okay to do kind things and when it is "okay" to make a evil
A family might include anyone related by blood or by adoption such as: step parents, grandparents acting as parents, and even brothers and sisters sharing the same household. However, worldwide “the family is regarded as the most ba...
Everyone has their own perception of an ideal community. For each person the factors of an ideal community will vary depending on their upbringing. My understanding of a community is a place where a group of people live, and socialize. Everyone is caring, thoughtful, and respectful. In my community people take care of each other they think before they act, and are respectful to one another keeping in mind equality.