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Essay on the marburg virus
Essay on the marburg virus
Essay on the marburg virus
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Marburg Virus
The first documented outbreak of hemorrhagic fever virus caused by a filovirus was associated with wild-caught African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops, formerly
Cercopithecus aethiops) that were imported from Uganda to Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, and to Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1967. During the course of the zoonotic outbreak, 31 animal staff and laboratory workers in direct contact with the blood or tissue from the recently imported monkeys became infected with the newly identified MBGV, and seven died. An unusually high mortality rate (21 to 46%) was observed in Belgrade among these groups of imported monkeys during the quarantine period (Stojkovic 1971) but infection rates among the cohort of 500 to 600 monkeys imported from Uganda to a variety of locations during this time remain unknown.
( Hans-Dieter Klenk and Heinz Feldmann, 2004 pg. 207)
Following this outbreak the disease went away for almost 10 years, it returned near South
Africa in 1975. With an unknown reservoir, through extensive studies and research it is under the assumption that the first case resignated in Zimbabwe. It is believed that a young hitchhicker who hiked to Southern Africa carried the virus, upon arriving there he infected 2 others who survived the effects and symptoms due to treatment the young hitchhiker was unfortunate and lost his life. Once again the Marburg Virus went into the shadows and in 1980 another case was reported in Kenya killing one person and infecting another. Once again it returned to Kenya in
1987 and was contracted by one person who received treatment and later died from the disease.
Although this is unconfirmed researchers believe that bats carried these filoviruses from ...
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Works Cited
Marburg Virus Hardcover- WM Collins & Sons & Company, published (May 1 1982)
1st edition Author: Stanley Johnson
Marburg Virus used as a biological weapon found from: http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio-marburg.htm Prevalence, outbreaks, prevention retrieved from; http://www.news-medical.net/health/Marburg-Virus.aspx Ebola and Marburg Viruses- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hans-Dieter Klenk and Heinz
Feldmann Institute for Virology, Marburg and National Microbiology Laboratory, Health
Canada, Winnipeg http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/marburg-hemorrhagic-fever The Coming Plague: newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance; published in the U.S.
1995 Author: Laurie Garrett
Marburg health issues found from New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/marburg_virus/
Plagues and Peoples written by William H. McNeill follows the patterns of epidemics and endemics within human history. It is within this history that McNeill finds parallels between diseases and humans in the forms of microparasitism and macroparasitism. Merely from the title, McNeill gives equal importance to viruses and humankind. In several instances, humans behave the same way viruses, bacteria, and parasites do in order to survive and to compete. Surprisingly enough, McNeill’s overarching theme can be summarized using his last sentence, asserting that “Infectious disease which antedated the emergence of humankind will last as long as humanity itself, and will surely remain, as it has been hitherto, one of the fundamental parameters and
Charles Monet: He was the first host to the deadly ebola virus breakout in Africa. He was 56 years old and was kind of a loner according to the authors interviews with people. 2. Dr. Mosoke: He was Charles Monets doctor when Charles crashed and bled out which means when the host suddenly starts bleeding infectious blood out of every orifice in the body.
...cused of being patient zero and the one who purposely and knowingly infected as many as 250 men a year on both sides of the Atlantic was nothing but one of the many wrong hypotheses made in this process of finding the origin of the HIV/AIDS virus. The fact that he had single handedly started the epidemic, today is largely discredited by most scientists. With time computer models estimated that the first human infection occurred around 1930, give or take 20 years. The earliest known infection of an identified human dates back to 1959 which was found in a plasma sample taken from an adult male living in the Belgian Congo. Many assumptions and hypotheses were made and a human eating a chimp seems to be the likeliest form the infection occurred.
that transmitted the HIV virus to humans through bites (Forsyth). As people migrated it reached Haiti and then spread to America (Clark p. 65).
Plagues and Peoples. By William H. McNeill. (New York: Anchor Books: A division of Random House, Inc., 1976 and Preface 1998. Pp. 7 + 365. Acknowledgements, preface, map, appendix, notes, index.)
James Parkinson. It’s not certain how long the disease has existed but its probably been around
The Web. The Web. 24 Mar. 2011. The. http://liboc.tctc.edu:2058/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CH1420001374&v=2.1&u=tricotec_main&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w> The "Plague".
The Bubonic Plague, or more commonly known as ‘The Black Death’ or ‘The Black Plague,’ was one of the most devastating and deadliest pandemics that humans have ever witnessed in the history of mankind. The disease spanned two continents in just a few years, marking every country between Western Europe all the way to China. During the reign of the plague, which is estimated to be the years between 1347-1352, it is estimated that “20 million people in Europe–almost one-third of the continent’s population” was killed off due to the plague. The Black Plague would change the course of European history since the plague knew no boundaries and inflicted its wrath upon the rich and the poor alike. As a result, not only did the plague have a devastating demographic impact which encountered a massive social disruption, but also, an economic and religious impact as well.
Back in the ancient’s time during the pre-historic era as far as 1000 AD this disease was not very much known to people but have said to be found on an Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses V mummy who died in 1157BC (Henderson, Fenner, Arita, Ladnyi, 1988 p 209-210). There was evidence of pustule eruption and rash that have been seen on the mummy similar to the description of a variola virus. Part of the idea of where this disease came from is unknown and where the origin of this disease is very much not clear. This disease that is known to be contagious and deadly at times is called smallpox. The early civilization had believed smallpox was originated from Africa and soon had spread though out the world like China and India (Fenn, 2003).
reported human cases of this plague in the United States has increased since the 1960s
Mary Lowth, “Plagues, pestilence and pandemics: Deadly diseases and humanity,” Practice Nurse, 16, (2012): 42-46
horrible disease was spread by infected rats and fleas and killed 1/4 to 1/3 of the
The inevitable, but unpredictable, appearance of new infectious diseases has been recognized for millennia, well before the discovery of causative infectious agents. The ease of world travel and increased global independence has added layers of complexity to containing these infectious diseases that affect not only the health but the economic stability of societies (Morens et al., 2013).
In 1976 the first two Ebola outbreaks were recorded. In Zaire and western Sudan five hundred and fifty people reported the horrible disease. Of the five hundred and fifty reported three hundred and forty innocent people died. Again in 1995 Ebola reportedly broke out in Zaire, this time infecting over two hundred and killing one hundred and sixty. (Bib4, Musilam, 1)
In the 1960s, doctors in the United States predicted that infectious diseases were in decline. US surgeon Dr. William H. Stewart told the nation that it had already seen most of the frontiers in the field of contagious disease. Epidemiology seemed destined to become a scientific backwater (Karlen 1995, 3). Although people thought that this particular field was gradually dying, it wasn’t. A lot more of it was destined to come. By the late 1980s, it became clear that people’s initial belief of infectious diseases declining needed to be qualified, as a host of new diseases emerged to infect human beings (Smallman & Brown, 2011).With the current trends, the epidemics and pandemics we have faced have created a very chaotic and unreliable future for mankind. As of today, it has really been difficult to prevent global epidemics and pandemics. Although the cases may be different from one state to another, the challenges we all face are all interconnected in this globalized world.