In order to determine the band combination for maximum contrast between land-cover types depends on which land cover type is of interest. There are a number of different band combinations that are commonly used to highlight different features in a remotely sensed image. On the website of U.S. Geological Survey provides a brief explanation to the details of each band of the Landsat Thematic mapper, identifying the properties of each band and suggest the type of land cover that is the interest of study. Assuming the general land-cover type are vegetation, water, soil and urban areas. The band combination of MIR1 (Red), NIR (Green), Green (Blue) can provide maximum contrast between the different land cover types through the strong colour contrast. The bright green represents vegetation, the purple represents the urban areas or bare ground, and the blue colour represents water bodies. An example of the resulting map of the band combination described is shown in Figure 1 below.
To allow comparison between different band combinations, three other types of band combination of Landsat TM is shown in Figure 2 on the next page.
(Figure 1: Band combination of 5,4,3 of Landsat TM image of Pinjarra Hills. The green represents vegetation, purple is mainly representing urban areas or soil, blue represents the river.)
(Figure 2: Comparison between different band combinations with Landsat TM image. Top left: band 4,3,2. Top right: Band 7,5,4. Bottom left: Band 5,4,3. Bottom right: Band 4,5,3.)
The comparison above emphasise on the reason why the band combination rely on the choice of feature of interest. The different type of band of Landsat TM is sensitive to different biophysical properties of the features on the ground.
Question 2.2 ...
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Natural Resources Canada 2012, Image Classification and Analysis, viewed 20/05/2014,
Richards, J.A. 2013, Remote sensing digital image analysis: an introduction, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin.
Schowengerdt, R.A. 2007, Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing, Academic Press, Amsterdam.
U.S. Geological Survey 2013, Frequently Asked Questions about the Landsat Missions, viewed 15/05/2014
Xie, Y, Sha, Z & Yu, M 2008, 'Remote sensing imagery in vegetation mapping: a review', Journal of Plant Ecology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-23.
Some sources of error in my experiment can be found mainly in my research of the tropical trees. In the tropical zone and temperate zone, most trees were too tall to reach and examine their leaves. Furthermore, it was hard to get the entire tree within our pictures. Therefore, this caused little information about the large trees in the tropical zone, giving our information less variation. This error was also implemented throughout all the zones. Another source of error was with the light shining upon the leaves. During our experimentation, there were moments in time where the sun was hidden and the sun was shining brightly. Therefore, possibly affecting the color of our leaf color. The sunlight may cause our leaf to look lighter than they possibly are. This could cause false information to compare the leaf colors for each biome.
Different ranges will have different scenery, but they all have the same setup. Every range is a little bit different,
Landsat Project Science Officeat NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Landsat Glacier Bay. 2003. USA. Visible Earth NASA. Web. 16. Mar. 2014.
Optical monochrome filters are used to filter out all the wavelengths except desired one. Since we are interested in Green, Red and Near Infrared wavelengths the following filters are used.
Stephen V. Stehman, “Selecting and interpreting measures of thematic classification accuracy”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 62, No.1, pp.77–89, 1997.
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
Hasse, John & Lathrop, Richard. "New Jersey Landscape Change Research" Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis. http://www.crssa.rutgers.edu/projects/lc
“Fat Land”, a book by Greg Cristler, a health journalist who was formerly considered overweight, explains how America became the fattest people in the world. Before writing this book, Cristler was told that he needed to lose forty pounds and so to do so he enlisted a competent doctor, the prescription weight-loss medication Meridia, jogs in a congenial neighborhood park, a wife who cooked him healthy food, and access to plenty of information. Cristler is quick to add that those weren’t the only factors that led to his weight loss, but money and time were a big part of it. Cristler lost the weight, but he states “the more I contemplated my success, the more I came to see it not as a triumph of the will, but as a triumph of my economic and social
Discerning the spatial patterns of biodiversity and understanding their ultimate (why) and proximate (how) causes is very dear to biogeography and is one of the key concepts of Macro ecology. Some places on earth contain more species as compared to others. All species occurring at a given space and time either originated (speciated) there or dispersed and arrived from another place and settled there. Biogeographers try to understand the past and current distributions of species by incorporating historical, evolutionary and ecological factors. Earlier biogeographers or the ‘naturalists’ in their sacred quest to serve ‘the creator’, travelled to various parts of the world and imparted valuable knowledge about the diverse patterns and processes of nature. Linnaeus (1743), on the one hand, hypothesized that early Earth was filled with water except for it’s highest mountain top i.e., Mount Ararat which was known to be the site of paradise and as the sea level dropped the exposed land was colonized by plants and animals that migrated down from high elevational zones of Mount Ararat whereas Willdenow (1805) hypothesized that within each geographical region of the earth, plants and animals were first placed and later survived the great flood on many mountain ranges (Lomolino,2001). Von Humboldt and Darwin in the South American Andes and Wallace Southeast Asian islands noticed the decreasing trend in elevational species richness patterns (McCain and Grytnes, 2010). Later work done by Grinnell (1917), Whittaker (1952), Terborgh (1977, 1985) on elevational species richness became accepted and set a established pattern for all species for more than two decades (McCain and Grytnes, 2010). However current researches on elevational gradients are...
Type Three textures are also broken down into three subcategories (3a, 3b, and 3c). This texture has a very pronounced S shape curly texture, with that "S" getting noticeably tighter with each subsequent category.
...he surrounding vegetation. Lassen’s environment is rich and beautiful and will remain so as long as it is preserved.
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The spectrum that is taken by the hubble space telescope is the visible light spectrum, ultraviolet. Light ...
Land Art is created by combining art and nature in a complex way. Land art is also known as Earth Art or Earthworks. This art is designed directly in the physical landscapes with the help of natural substances and organic media like leaves, stones, soil, rocks, water, logs, etc. Mechanical earth moving equipment is also used by few artists. Artists show their reaction against industrialization and urbanization through the land art. Before the origin of modern land art, it has been already created by artists for last centuries. But this land art movement became popular somewhere between 1960 and 1970 in America and soon adopted by the artists all over the world. The main part of this art is reforming and redesigning of the landscape. As it is created by moving things around, adding some available materials and imported substances to the landscape so it becomes impossible to move it from one place to another. It is only developed to make some beautiful change in the environment for sometime as in the end it just degenerates. Some land artworks are very short-lived; just stay for a few hours or days, while others just designed in open and left uncovered so that they can be deformed by erosion or wind over time.