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Literature review of diversity management
Diversity within the work place
Literature review of diversity management
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Even though ineffective diversity management is one of the key drivers of dissatisfied employees, as an industrial organizational psychologist (I/O psychologist), one of the key functions is to improve employee satisfaction, but how is this done? The average working class person spends a third of their day (about 7.5 to 8 hours) on the job so its ideal to be a part of a pleasant environment. I/O psychologists should continue to create innovative ways to attract as well as retain motivated and goal oriented employees because rewards, recognition, accolades, and effective training programs promote job satisfaction and performance. Providing avenues to promote workplace diversity and improve performance, while inciting positive motivation will benefit the employee as well as the organization as a whole.
Imagine this, an employee is sitting at their desk doing their job when another employee walks in, the two of them exchange negative looks and from that point forward the environment is tense. There is agitation and irritation as the two of them share a work space when clearly there is no harmony. Inadvertently, throughout the day one tries to sabotage the other's quality of performance through their attitude or job efforts. "Interpersonal problems are a universal human phenomenon that often ranks as a primary source of unhappiness in people’s lives" (Frone, 2000). As an I/O psychologist, one must have the ability to research and identify the challenge of balancing opposing beliefs and cultures within a workplace environment. This is imperative because it can have a negative impact on production and overall organizational operations. "Interpersonal conflict occurs when a person or group of people frustrates or interferes with ano...
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...safety_and_prevention/safety_and_prevention/bully_risk_manage_tool [Accessed: 17 Mar 2014].
Frone. Michael R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict and work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers.
Grimsley, S. (2014). What Is Interpersonal Conflict at Work: Definition, Types & Examples | Education Portal. [online] Retrieved from: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-interpersonal-conflict-at-work-definition-types-examples.html#lesson [Accessed: 18 Mar 2014].
Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J., & Boles, J. S. (2011). Workplace stressors job attitude and job behaviors: is interpersonal conflict the missing link?
Jex, S. M., and T. W. Britt. 2008. A scientist-practitioner approach: Organizational psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Organ, D.W. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior and the good soldier. Lexington, Ma: Lexington Books.
Knapp, M. L., Putnam, L. L., & Davis, L. J. (1988). Measuring interpersonal conflict in organizations: Where do we go from here? Management Communication Quarterly, 1(3), 414-429. doi: 10.1177/0893318988001003008
Great post Chad on job satisfaction. I can agree with you that while pay and benefits could have a great impact on job satisfaction, being satisfied in the workplace is not always directly tied to money. In my post, I discussed job dissatisfaction, and in my personal situation I felt that I would have been more satisfied at my job if I felt my voice wasn’t being heard and disinterest in my professional development. I no longer was satisfied with my job because the company lost interest in caring for their employees as the company grew. However, researcher Gul(2015), believes that there is a relationship with development of an employee and expansion of a company in that in order to grow successful , a company must make time to develop an effective
Hocker & Wilmot, 2007, Poole, & Stutman, 2005 Folger and 2007 Cahn& Abigail. "Interpersonal Conflict and Conflict Management." Devito, Joseph A. The Interpersonal Communication Book. Boston: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon, 2009. 276.
In different industries, there are companies that operate for a purpose, but the bottom line is the management style between supervisors and subordinate can break or make an organization. Organizations and businesses have to run their management a certain way in order to motivate their employees. The main type of organization management is the Classical Theory which contains Theory X. There are five key employee conflict management styles. Building relationships between employees and managers is crucial for an organization to function and execute their purpose whether it is to provide a service or product. Both theories and conflict strategies were present in the film “Office Space” to demonstrate the negatives of corrupt management and ongoing conflicts which were not resolved that led to destruction.
Many people enjoy working or participating in a group or team, but when a group of people work together chances are that conflicts will occur. Hazleton describes conflict as the discrepancy between what is the perceived reality and what is seen as ideal (2007). “We enter into conflicts reluctantly, cautiously, angrily, nervously, confidently- and emerge from them battered, exhausted, sad, satisfied, triumphant. And still many of us underestimate or overlook the merits of conflict- the opportunity conflict offers every time it occurs” (Schilling, nd.). Conflict does not have to lead to a hostile environment or to broken relationships. Conflict if resolved effectively can lead to a positive experience for everyone involved. First, there must be an understanding of the reasons why conflicts occur. The conflict must be approached with an open mind. Using specific strategies can lead to a successful resolution for all parties involved. The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument states “there are five general approaches to dealing with conflict. The five approaches are avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, and collaboration. Conflict resolution is situational and no one approach provides the best or right approach for all circumstances” (Thomas, 2000).
Although there is a plethora of possible sources of conflict in any workplace, the ones in this case are rather explicit. These include personal differences, Informal deficiencies’, role incompatibility, environment stress, perceptions, and expectations. Personal differences could be related to personal values, physiognomies, family bonds or ties, and material belongings.
Parkinson(1991) argued that when employees' genuine feelings are masked, it leads to increase in job dissatisfaction. Abraham(1998) argued that increase in emotional dissonance increases job dissatisfaction.
Individual success at work is a subjective concept. For some it is defined by the rank that they attain within the company, for others it is defined by the lifestyle that their occupation has allowed them to lead. No matter what the personal definition of success at work is, its achievement is largely influenced by the individual’s interpersonal and intra-personal perceptions. Interpersonal perceptions, that is being able to understand others, and their actions, has high significance when working in the diverse team environments of a workplace. While, interpersonal perceptions may not directly contribute to success at work, it contributes heavily towards the individual’s ability to work in teams, which if done successfully, will directly contribute to individual success at work (Poon 2004). Even before the individual is employed, employers look past their academic performance and look closely at how they well they work in a team and to do so they need to have good interpersonal perceptions of their team members (Baker-Evelet...
Krischer, M. M., Penney, L. M., & Hunter, E. M. (2010). Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping. Journal Of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(2), 154-166. doi:10.1037/a00183
Levy, Paul E. Industrial Organizational Psychology. New York: Worth, 2013. Print. The. Laird, Dugan, Sharon S. Naquin, and Elwood F. Holton.
It is well established reality that organisations in the world today can no longer survive without focusing on their employees. If they have to be at the competitive edge they have to invest in human resource, and placing their employees on top priority. This notion has lead to the strategies that, most organisations are pursuing through employee management. To achieve the optimum performance from employees organisations must motivate their employees, and have to engage them in activities that will benefit and help employees in achieving their predetermined goals and objectives. In order to achieve this, it is imperative for managers to set in motion work conditions that will help employees to achieve satisfaction of their job, low turnover and absenteeism rate and promoting the environment that promotes the organizational commitments and organizational citizenship behavior. Job satisfaction has been identified as a major requirement for organisations which aim to achieve excellence in their operations. Armstrong (2003) refers to job satisfaction as the attributes and feelings people have about their work. By extension, job satisfaction will mean positive or favourable attitudes towards one’s job whilst a negative or unfavourable attitude indicates job dissatisfaction.
The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 41(2), 69-72. Dumbrava, G. (2011). Workplace relations and emotional intelligence. Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics, 11(3), 85-92. Grubb III, W. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2007).
A negative work environment can make employees feel irritable, anxious and defensive. This can cause poor productivity, lack of motivation and poor communication in the workplace which in turn can cause problems for the company. An employer’s abuse of power can cause mental or emotional distress on employees and also disrupt the workplace. Examples of employers abusing their position include humiliation, undermining, disrespectful language, discriminatory comments, yelling and intimidation. When employees are surrounded by this on a daily basis it can affect their self-worth. Employers can resolve these issues by allowing open lines of communication and by not giving employees the impression that it is acceptable to act negatively and disrespect fellow employees.
Conflict exists in every organization as a result of incompatible needs, goals, and objectives of two people while aligning to the overall business requirements. Though disagreement is linked with negative impact, the approach has healthy considerations (Leung, 2008). For instance, some conflicts create an avenue for the exchange of ideas and creativity to meet the set organizational purposes. However, damaging disagreement in organizations results in employee dissatisfaction, turnover, and poor services and reduced productivity. The paper establishes different types of interpersonal conflict and key resolution strategies used to address the problem. Human resource managers need to have the capacity to identify different levels of conflicts and the best methods to negate them.
In conclusion, the of motivation factors have a strong influence on job satisfaction resulting in any positive feelings that accompany human, who is trying to keep this state as long as possible, which leads to further efforts.