Lightning as a phenomenon of electric discharge between the charged particles among the clouds or between the clouds to earth is seen as a natural occurrence in our day to day life. The veracity and wrath of this natures activity also has to be faced by the mankind in form of death, destruction and total power outage. In today’s world it is hard to imagine life without electricity. Also it incurs heavy losses to the power distributors and consumers. The losses amounts from few hundred thousands to millions like how the lightning storm caused power outage in Minnesota that lasted for 19 hours. [1]
It was Franklin in 1744-1750, who first carried out experiments on lightning [2]. From then on significant studies have been made in the past years that paved way to new techniques and products that ensures proper insulation coordination at all the levels of electric power engineering. The electrical systems and apparatus are exposed to danger zone when these lightning come across their insulation. If the strength of the lightning is greater than the insulation strength, a puncture or flashover occurs. If the flashover is struck only in the outside of the insulation, the outage is very short. Longer and expensive outages occur when the internal insulation is punctured. So all the electrical apparatus insulation has to be designed to withstand the lightning voltage before put to commissioning. [2]
Lightning strokes impinging on the electrical overhead lines have very high amplitude, maybe of the order of 1000Kv or more accompanies by travelling waves. The insulation strength of the line limits the wave amplitude. The voltage rise rate is very fast with slow damping rate. The dangerously high voltage levels might badly stress the insulation...
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... timing specifications and characteristics were obtained. The expected waveform plot and timing specifications are calculated. Some switching impulse testings were also done and was so far successful in obtaining the output, but still some inconsistencies play around in the testing phase.
Lessons learnt
The quality time and effort invested for this project has provided in depth understanding of the impulse generator. The potential of Matlab as a simulation tool was used to its fullest all throughout this project.Intially, while undertaking this project, to design and code a GUI was the only objective. But later on, the the focus was turned on to attaining a higher level of accuracy for the results obtained. For that more critical assessment of the mathematical models was done prior to the testing phase.
middle of paper ... ... Solar Storm is a story where two cultures are drawn into conflict over environmental recourses in order to persevere in their way of life. Two views tend to clash, one a view of Eco criticism while the other is in denial. In order to secure their survival, they will stop at nothing.
...red testing at Lectromec showed that contaminants, such as water, lavatory fluid, and metal shavings, can create a bridge that can allow energy to unintentionally transfer between wires with cracked or damaged insulation for as long as 25 minutes without tripping circuit breakers. Specifically, the totalizer gauge’s wires on TWA Flight 800 had been improperly soldered together and had subsequently cracked apart, providing another opportunity for an explosive short circuit. During examination of the gauge at Honeywell, it was determined that electrical energy would cross the crack in the solder between the connector pins when slightly more than 270 volts (less than is used in lighting circuits) was applied to one of the pins. Thus, a short circuit from a higher-voltage wire to any corouted FQIS wiring could result in excess energy being transferred to the CWT.
Oscilloscope is acquainted as one of the most helpful instrument for testing circuits. It is able to show the signals at different points in the circuit. One way to inves...
Lightning is a natural electric force that I chose. The cause of lightning requires to types of charges negative and positive. A storm cloud is divided into two parts top being being positive and the bottom being negative. The reason for lighting to happen is because of this thing called charge separation which one positive charge and one negative charge split in half. Up to millions of water droplets are contained in one storm cloud. Water from the ground evaporates, and rises from the ground and goes up to the cloud rises up and comes together as it goes up to the cloud. The clouds collides with the moisture and then go up into the cloud. When they hit, the electrons get taken off the droplets, making the negative electrons turn into a positive electron. The moisture will always look for cold temperatures at a higher altitude. At a cold temperature the water will freeze. The particles then come together and form a region that’s inside the water. The frozen portion of the water of moisture becomes negatively charged and the outer droplets which gives it a more positive charge. The currents inside the cloud rip the protons off the droplets and move them inside the cloud and goes to the positive side. The frozen particles which contain the negative charges are then moved to the bottom half. Making the clouds polarized. The mechanism is what causes the polarization of the storm clouds. A storm cloud becomes polarized when one positive charge moved to the top of the clouds and one negative charges moving towards the bottom of the cloud.
Now, usually lightning represents danger, for instance, when a person has been struck by lightning in a thunderstorm they are often seriously injured or they may even die. However, here the Ad’s creator uses lightning to show off the woman’s strength and power. In doing this the creator shows lightning exuberating from the powerful woman (woman power). While this Ad Proves its point, it’s not realistic because in real life it’s hard to fathom someone creating lightning out of nothing.
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
On July 13, 1977 around 8:37 pm, a thunder from the sky, it left a huge arc in the night sky, its feeling like the beginning of a kind of fantasy novel. The West Chester wire was hit by a lightning bolt, New York City and its eastern suburbs stuck up for twenty-five hours darkness. As the alternative power supply failed to the wires at that time, New York City generators were shut down. The whole New York area was in a darkness, around eight million people had no electricity available. New Yorkers were forced to pass a "horrible night".
Does a flash at night makes you shut your eyes and cover your ears? I do. I remember a night of restless sleep, with huge a thunderstorm roaring from outside and I was lying on bed with a fever. It was cold, and because of the voice of thunder I couldn’t stay calm. I was scared and as I tried to peek at the window, an intense lightning bolt flashed, and a clash of thunder followed by. I was horrified and felt something humongous must produce thunder like he is mad. Throughout history, many stories and myth serve a common goal to the listeners. The monsters appear in the stories you heard is a way to teach you a lesson or give warning. From what I learned and read in class, monsters tend to be a thing that we created or fear of. To the Native Indians of United States, Thunderbird is a being that use in stories as a way to explain unique natural phenomenon such as lighting, thunder, and storms.
Polman, H., Orobio De Castro, B. & Van Aken, M. A.G. (2008). Experimental Study of the
The importance of an electrical lineman is huge, not only in the community but also in most of the world. Their education, training, and correct use of equipment help them in their different and dangerous work conditions to accomplish the tasks of providing power to their communities.
Electricity and electrical components are a major part of our lives today. Our lives pretty much come to a halt if there is a power outage or if our electrical devices stop working, sometimes we even start panicking because we are so dependent on these components that we cannot afford to lose them and their importance and use only increases as time passes. We all use these electrical devices and also electricity itself but most of us do not think about the math and physics that works behind all of these things.
...k again. Inspectors do this because over time the electricity passing through a bad wire damages the wire even more in can result in a fire. The fire could cost the owner lots of money in repairs or on appliances and furniture.
Edison searched for the proper "filament" or wire, that would give good light when electricity flowed through it. He sent people to the jungles of the Amazon and forests of Japan in his search for a perfect filament material. He tested over 6,000 vegetable growths (baywood, boxwood, hickory, cedar, flax, bamboo) as filament material.
The history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the nature of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical current could be controlled and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to operate (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday’s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone communication system (750).
Though there is still much to know about the nature of electricity, there is a basic understanding of its essence. As mentioned previously, electricity is a form of energy from the existence of charged particles. To thoroughly understand electricity, it is imperative to first analyze electric force. Coulomb’s law summarizes the electric force between two objects. Coulomb’s law is written as F= k_e (|q_1 ||q_2 |)/r^2 , where ke is 8.9875 x 109 N x m2 /C2. As shown in the equation, the separation distance of the charged particles is on the bottom of the fraction. This means that a greater distance would yield a lower force. Electricity can be classified in two different ways: static electricity or current electricity. In static electricity, there is a transfer of electrons between